Mixtures and separation techniques

The difference between mixture and compound

 Separating mixtures
1. mixture of solids
Hand picking sieving
Solvent extraction
when two solids ( soluble and insoluble) are mixed together
 Solid/liquid mixture

1. Insoluble solid and liquid mixtures ( according to particle size of the

solid)
• A) large particles (decanting)
B) Small particles (filtration)
C) Very small particles (Centrifugation)
2. Soluble solid/liquid mixture (solution)
Making a solution

when sugar dissolves it didn’t vanish –its still there and no mass is lost
Saturated solution
formed when no more solute dissolves in the solvent at a certain temp.

At higher temp. more solute can dissolve bec. Heat causes particles
to spread out and make more rooms( super saturated solution)
(as temperature increases the solubility of solids increases)
Solubility curve (100g water)
Solubility of gases
solubility of gases decreases as
the temperature increases.
Separation of soluble solid and liquid mixture

Evaporation crystallization
During evaporation or crystallization the liquid is lost in the air.
How can we keep the solvent ?
Separating two liquids

immiscible

Immiscible liquids are those which won't mix to give

a single phase.
Oil and water are examples of immiscible liquids
one floats on top of the other.
The less dense liquid is on top of the more dense liquid.
Miscible
Miscible liquids are ones that can
mix together – like water and ethanol

Fractional distillation
Is used to separate miscible liquids
According to the difference in their
Boiling point
Separating water and ethanol
Fractional distillation of crude oil
separating mixtures of coloured
compounds
Gas / gas mixture
• Air is a mixture of gases
• this composition can change
• Pollution and natural emissions
chromatography
The sample being dissolved in a particular
solvent called mobile phase. The mobile
phase is then passed through another phase
called stationary phase (chromatography
paper)
*The sample is placed on a spot on the paper
*the paper is carefully dipped into a solvent.
*the solvent rises up the paper and the
components of the mixture rises up at
different rates and thus are separated from
one another.
Types of air pollution
• 1. particulate matter ( solids and gases
suspended in air )
2.Nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide
from car exhaust
4.Sulphur dioxide : burning fuel as coal and
oil
3.Ozone : Ozone is a gas composed of three atoms of oxygen. Ozone occurs both in the
Earth's upper atmosphere and at ground level. ... Ozone at ground level is a harmful air
pollutant, because of its effects on people and the environment. When inhaled, ozone can
damage the lungs.
Relatively low amounts can cause chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath and throat
irritation
Separation of gases from air

• Air is liquefied (turns into liquid)

• Fractional distillation is used
according to different boiling point.