HISTORY OF

MICROPROCESSORS

1
Evolution of Microprocessors
INTRODUCTION
 Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957)
invented the first IC in 1959.
 In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew
Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.
 They founded their own company Intel (Integrated
Electronics).
 Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968

3
History of Microprocessors

Intel was the 1st company to introduce a microprocessor known as

the 4000.

The Intel 4004 was released by Intel Corporation in 1971 and was
the first commercially available microprocessor.

Other major manufacturers of microprocessors include AMD, IBM,

Motorola, Samsung, Freescale
 Evolution of Microprocessors
The evolution of microprocessors was divided into generations:
1st Generation – Introduced between 1971 – 1972. The instructions
were processed serially.
2nd Generation – Introduced in 1979. Example include Intel 8080
processor . Defined by overlapped fetch, decode and execute the
steps.
The difference between the first generation microprocessor and
second generation microprocessors was mainly the use of new
semiconductor technologies to manufacture the chips.
The result of this technology resulted in a fivefold increase in
instruction, speed, execution and higher chip densities.
 3rd Generation
Introduced in the year 1978, as denoted by Intel’s 80386.
These were 16-bit processors with a performance like mini computers.
Intel introduced "subfamilies" of related chips with different capabilities,
using the "DX" and "SX" designations
4th Generation Microprocessors
Main features of 4th generation microprocessors include:
• Consist of a million transistors.
• Growth in CPU’s power and capabilities
• Upgradable processors
• Standardized motherboard sockets
Examples include :
‒ INTEL80486DX, INTEL 80486SX,
‒ INTEL 80486DX2 & INTEL 80486DX2 overdrive, ‒ INTEL 80486DX4
& INTEL 80486DX4 overdrive, ‒ AMD 5x86, Cyrix 5x86 .
 5th Generation -
Employed decoupled super scalar processing, and their
design soon exceeded 10 million transistors.
Examples include, Pentium processors

6th Generation Microprocessors

The Intel P6 (686) processor family began when the Pentium
Pro was released in November 1995.
Examples:
P6 processors include; Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium II
Xeon, Celeron, Celeron-A, Pentium III, Pentium II PE, Pentium
IIIE, Pentium III Xeon.
 6th Generation Microprocessors

Main Features include:

Superscalar Architecture in which two instruction execution units could
execute instructions simultaneously in parallel
Dynamic execution - enables the processor to execute more
instructions on parallel.
Dual Independent Bus - The processor has 2 data buses: for the
system (motherboard) and for cache.
This enables the cache memory to run at speeds previously not
possible.
7th Generation Microprocessors
Examples: Intel® Xeon® Processor E3-1275 v6, Intel® Core™ i7-
7700 Processor, Intel® Core™ i5- 7500 Processor
8th Generation Microprocessors

Examples
Core i9-8950HK
Core i7-8850H
Core i7-8750H
Core i5-8400H
Core i3-8300H
Itanium
Intel Microprocessor Families

i. Intel 4000 Family

‒ 4001, a 2K ROM with 4-bit I/O Port
‒ 4002, a 320-bit RAM with 4-bit output port
‒ 4003, a 10-bit serial-in parallel-out shift register
‒ 4004, a 4-bit processor
ii. Intel 8000 Family
‒ 8080
‒ 8085
‒ 8086
Intel Microprocessor Families

iii. Intel 286, 386 and 486 families

‒ 80286
‒ 80386DX
‒ 80486DX
iv. Intel Pentium Family
‒ Pentium® Processor with MMX™ Technology ‒
Pentium
‒ Pentium Pro
‒ Pentium II, Pentium II Xeon
‒ Pentium III
‒ Pentium IV
‒ Celeron
4-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

4
INTEL 4004
 Introduced in 1971.
 It was the first
microprocessor by Intel.
 It was a 4-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was
740KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.
 It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second. 5
INTEL 4040
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 4-bit µP.

6
8-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

7
INTEL 8008
 Introduced in 1972.
 It was first 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
 Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.

8
INTEL 8080
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 2
MHz.
 It had 6,000
transistors.
 Was 10 times faster
than
8008.
9
 Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per
  Introduced in 1976.
INTEL 8085  It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500
transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per
second.
 It could access 64 KB
of
memory.
10
 It had 246 instructions.
16-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

11
  Introduced in 1978.

INTEL 8086  It was first 16-bit µP.

 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8

MHz and 10 MHz, depending on
the version.

 Its data bus is 16-bit and

address bus is 20-bit.

 It had 29,000
transistors.

 Could execute 2.5 million

instructions per second.

 It could access 1 MB of
memory.

 It had
It had 22,000
Multiply and Divide 12
instructions.
instructions.
INTEL 8088
 Introduced in 1979.
 It was also 16-bit µP.
 It was created as a cheaper
version of Intel’s 8086.
 It was a 16-bit processor
with an 8-bit external bus.

13
INTEL 80186 & 80188
 Introduced in 1982.
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.

14
INTEL 80286
 Introduced in 1982.
 It was 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 8 MHz.

15
32-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

16
  Introduced in 1986.
 It was first 32-bit µP.
INTEL 80386  Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of
memory.

17
  Introduced in 1989.
INTEL 80486  It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had 1.2 million transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from
16 MHz to 100 MHz
depending upon the various
versions.

18
  Introduced in 1993.
INTEL PENTIUM  It was also 32-bit µP.

 It was originally named 80586.

 Its clock speed was 66 MHz.

19
INTEL PENTIUM PRO
 Introduced in 1995.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM II
 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

21
INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
 Introduced in 1998.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

22
INTEL PENTIUM III
 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

23
INTEL PENTIUM IV
 Introduced in 2000.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

24
  Introduced in 2006.
INTEL DUAL CORE  It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 cache

25
26
64-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

27
INTEL CORE 2
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is a 64-bit µP.

28
INTEL CORE I7
 Introduced in 2008.
 It is a 64-bit µP.

29
INTEL CORE I5
 Introduced in 2009.
 It is a 64-bit µP.

30
INTEL CORE I3
 Introduced in 2010.
 It is a 64-bit µP.

31
Assignment

Fill in the blank spaces

Characteristics of various Intel Microprocessors
Characteristics of various Intel Microprocessors
8085 Microprocessor
 8085 Microprocessor: Introduction to 8085
Architecture
• An 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit
microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977 using
NMOS technology.

• An N-channel metal-oxide semiconductor (NMOS)

is a microelectronic circuit used for logic and
memory chips and in complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor (CMOS) design.
 8085 Microprocessor: Introduction to 8085
Architecture
• NMOS transistors are faster than the P-channel
metal-oxide semiconductor (PMOS) counterpart,
and more of them can be put on a single chip.

• It is used in washing machines, microwave ovens,

mobile phones, etc.
Basic Configurations of 8085 Microprocessor
• 8-bit data bus
• 16-bit address bus, which can address upto 64KB
• A 16-bit program counter
• A 16-bit stack pointer
• Six 8-bit registers arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL
• Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHZ single
phase clock
 Functional Units of an 8085 Microprocessor
• The functional units of an 8085 microprocessor
include:
 Accumulator

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit

 General Purpose Register

 Program Counter
 Individual assignment

• Read “A One Page Writeup” about The four

functional units of an 8085 microprocessor

• Deadline: Wednesday 25th October at 5p.m

 Bus architectures
• Computers comprises of many internal components and in
order for these components to communicate with each
other, a ‘bus’ is used for that purpose.

• A bus is a common pathway through which information

flows from one component to another.

• This pathway is used for communication purpose and can be

established between two or more computer components.

• We are going to review different computer bus architectures

that are used in computers
Types of Computer Buses
 Functions of Buses in Computers
• 1. Data sharing - All types of buses found on a
computer must be able to transfer data between
the computer peripherals connected to it.
• The data is transferred in in either serial or parallel,
which allows the exchange of 1, 2, 4 or even 8 bytes
of data at a time.

• Buses are classified depending on how many bits

they can move at the same time, which means that
we have 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit or even 64-bit buses..
 Functions of Buses in Computers
• 2. Addressing - A bus has address lines, which match those of
the processor.

• This allows data to be sent to or from specific memory

locations.

• 3. Power - A bus supplies power to various peripherals that

are connected to it.

• 4. Timing - The bus provides a system clock signal to

synchronize the peripherals attached to it with the rest of the
system.
 Expansion Bus Types
• The expansion bus facilitates the easy connection of additional
components and devices on a computer for example the
addition of a TV card or sound card. They include:
• ISA - Industry Standard Architecture
• EISA - Extended Industry Standard Architecture
• MCA - Micro Channel Architecture
• VESA - Video Electronics Standards Association
• PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
• PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card Industry
Association (Also called PC bus)
• AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
• SCSI - Small Computer Systems Interface.
 Reading assignment
• Read and make notes on the different
Expansion Bus Types