SIR ALLAN EVANGELISTA

MATH

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to

• illustrate well-defined sets, subsets,
universal sets, null set, cardinality of sets,
union and intersection of sets and the
difference of two sets.
Illustrating Well-defined Sets,
Subsets and Universal Sets.
• Most of us have collections of lot of things
although we may not be aware of it.

• Like a carpenter who has with him his set

of tools in his toolbox or your mother who
treasures her collection of sets of kitchen
wares. Some people collect sets of shoes,
old coins and used stamps.

• Others who are more affluent collect sets of

make-up kits, hats, dresses, bags, toys,
etc. What about you? What do you
collect?
T
• An organized collection of
objects with common
characteristics is called a set.

• A set is a well – defined

collection of different
objects. Any objects such as
numbers, people, letters of
the alphabet and symbols
can make up a set.
 SET
• Each distinct object is called a
member or an element of the set.

• A set is well-defined if it is possible

to tell what objects belong to the
set and what objects are not
elements of the set.
Example 1
It is common for us to use the
concept of set it everyday
experience:

• A set of computer
• A set of encyclopedia
• A set of silverware
• A set of beauty products
Example 2
In mathematics, we have the following;

• A set of counting numbers

• A set of points
• A set of negative numbers
• A set of even numbers
WELL-DEFINED SET
1. C = the set of vowels in the English Alphabet
C={a, e, I, o, u}
2. O = {x I x is a primary color}
O={red, yellow, blue}
3. W = the set of all multiplies of 3
W={3, 6, 9, …}
4. S = {x l x is a whole even number between 0 and 10}
S={2, 4, 6, 8}
NOT WELL-DEFINED SET
1.The set of fast runners
2.The set of tall buildings
3.The set of beautiful ladies
4.The set of intelligent learners
NOTE: The sets given are not well-defined since people will have
interpretations or point of views as to what is fast, tall, beautiful and
intelligent.
YOUR TURN: Identify if the given set is well defined or not.

1. Set A consists of all easy problems in your

textbook. NW
D capitals of all countries in Asia. W
2. Set B are
3. Set C are all three-sided figures. NW D
4. Set D consists of the first five counting
D
numbers. WD
5. Set E are all the tall boys of your class. NW
D
6. Set F are the last three months of the year. WD
7. Set G consists of five red flowers. NWD
8. Set H are all triangles that is difficult to draw. NW
D
9. Set I are the first three letters of the English
alphabet. WD
10. Set J are numbers divisible by 5. WD
NOTATIONS
• The symbol ∈ indicates set membership and means “is an element
of” so that the statement x ∈ A means that x is an element of the set
A

• The symbol ∉ shows that a particular item is not an element of a set

EXAMPLE:
Given: A = the set of even numbers greater that o but less than 10
What are the elements of Set A? Elements are: 2, 4, 6, 8

Thus, 2 ∈ A; 4 ∈ A; 6 ∈ A; 8 ∈ A …but, 0 ∉ A; 10 ∉ A; 5 ∉ A
 TRY THIS: TRUE OR FALSE
Identify whether each statement is TRUE or FALSE.

1. A set of healthy babies is an example of well-defined set.

2. 5 ∈ {1,2,3,4,5}
3. a ∈ {b, c, d, f, g …}
4. pencil ∉ {ballpen, pencil, chalk, marker}
5. 4, 5, 6 ∉ { 1, 2, 3}
LEARNING TASK 1
Identify all the possible answers for the statements below.
Two Ways of Writing Sets

1 Roster Form or Listing Method

2 Set-Builder Form
 Roster Form or Listing Method
The elements are listed, separated by a comma,
and enclosed in a pair of brackets { }.
The elements of sets A, B, C and D are listed
below:
A = {1, 2, 3,4} C = {5, 10, 15,…}
B = {c, a, v, i, t, e} D = {l, o, v, e}
Example:

Write each set described below in roster form.

1. Set A consists of the vowels of the English Alphabet

Answer: A = {a, e, i, o, u}

2. Set B consists of the provinces of CALABARZON

Answer: B = {Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon}

 Set-Builder Form
A set defined by stating a property or properties
that describe all members of the set
We can describe the sets in set builder form as
follows
A = {x | x is a positive counting numbers}
B = {x | x is a letter in the word “LOVE”}
Example:

Write each set listed in set-builder form.

1. A = {a, e, i, o, u}

Answer: A = {x | x is a vowel of the English Alphabet}

2. B = {Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon}

Answer: A = {x | x is a province of CALABARZON}

What is Subset?
- a set whose elements are members of
another set.
- It is formed using the elements of a given
sets.
- The given set is a subset of itself.
What is Subset?
- A is a subset of B when every member of A is
a member of B.

Example:
Given: A= {1,2,3} B = {1,2,3,4,5}
 Then A = {1,2,3} is a subset of B
 Other subsets of B include {2,3} or {1,4,5} or {4} etc...
 But {4, 5, 6} is NOT a subset of B as it has 6 (which is
not in B)
What is Universal Set?
is the set that contains all objects under consideration.
it is denoted by a capital letter U.
Example:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Universal set
A = {1, 3, 5}
B = {2, 4, 6}
Illustrating Null Set and
Cardinality of Sets
What is Null Set?
 a null set is an empty set and a set with no
element..
 It is represented by the symbol { } or Ø.
 Example:
1. Odd numbers which are divisible by 2 are well-defined
objects for an empty set.
2. A dog with horns is also a well-defined object for an empty
set.
What is cardinality of set?
 is the number of elements in each set.
 denoted by n(A)
 Example:
A = {a, b, c, d, e} Ans: n(A) = 5
B = {2, 4, 6, 8} Ans: n(B) = 4
Express the following in roster method:
1. The set whose members are 10, 20, 30 and 40.
2. The set whose members are S, E and T.
3. The set whose members are numbers between 25 and 30.
4. The set whose members are numbers less than 30.
5. The set whose members are numbers greater than 15.
Express the following in the rule method:
1. { L, I, F, E }
2. {H, O, N, E, S, T, Y}
3. { 30, 31, 32, 33 }
4. {12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
5. {3, 6, 9, 12, … }
 Illustrating Union and
Intersection of Two Sets
Set Operation

In arithmetic, we have operations such as

addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division that enable us to combine. In sets,
we have union and intersection of a set.
What is Venn Diagram?
 A Venn Diagram is a pictorial representation of
the relationships between sets.

 We can represent sets using Venn diagrams. In

a Venn diagram, the sets are represented by
shapes; usually circles or ovals. The elements
of a set are labeled within the circle.
Example:
Given: U= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}; A = {1, 3, 5}; B = {2, 4, 6}

Venn Diagram:
U A B

3 2
1
4
5 6
UNION OF TWO SETS
 The union of two sets A and B, which is denoted by A U B (read as
“ A union B”), means the set whose elements are the elements
found in A or in B or in both A and B.
 In the Venn diagram that follows, the shaded are correspond to
AUB.
U
A B
Example:
Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B={1, 3, 5, 7), and C = {3, 6, 9}, Find the
following:
1. A U B

2. B U C
PART II: Set Operation
Let A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B={b, c, d, f, g), and C = {e, f, g, h, i}
Find the following:
1. A U B ; Draw the Venn diagram (10pts)
2. B ∩ C ; Draw the Venn diagram (10pts)
Example:
Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B={1, 3, 5, 7), and C = {3, 6, 9},
1.A U B
Solution: A U B = {2, 4, 6, 8} U {1, 3, 5, 7)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Venn Diagram: A B
2 4 8 1 3 5
6 7
 LONG QUIZ
1. B 6. B 11. 16. A
2. C 7. D 12. B 17. C
3. A 8. A 13. D 18. A
4. A 9. B 14. C 19. B
5. C 10. B 15. B 20. C
Example:
Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B={1, 3, 5, 7), and C = {3, 6, 9}
2. B U C
Solution: B U C = {1, 3, 5, 7} U {3, 6, 9)
= {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9}
Venn Diagram: B C
1 3 6 9
7 5
INTERSECTION OF TWO SETS
 The intersection of two sets A and B which is denoted by A ∩ B,
(read as A intersection B ) means the set of elements or elements
found both in A and B.
In the Venn diagram that follows, the shaded is the intersection of
sets A and B.

U
B
A
Example:
Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B={1, 3, 5, 7), and C = {3, 6, 9}, Find the
following:
1. A ∩ B

2. B ∩ C
Example 1:
Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B={1, 3, 5, 7), and C = {3, 6, 9},
Find: A ∩ B
Solution: A ∩ B = {2, 4, 6, 8} ∩ {1, 3, 5, 7)
= { } or Ø empty set/null set
Venn Diagram: A B
2 4 8 1 3 5
6 7
Example 2:
Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B={1, 3, 5, 7), and C = {3, 6, 9}
Solving Problems
Find: B ∩ C
Involving Set Using Venn
Solution: B ∩ Diagram
C = {1, 3, 5, 7} ∩ {3, 6, 9)
= {3}
Venn Diagram: B C
1 3 29
7 WEEK
5
6
MATH

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to

• Solve problems involving sets using Venn
diagram.
INTRODUCTION
It is often very useful to draw a figure or diagram in solving a
problem. When you deal with problems that concern set
operations, you need to draw a Venn Diagram.
By the way, Venn diagram is named after an English logician,
John Venn.
A Venn Diagram is a pictorial representation of the
relationships between sets
Study and Analyze
Look at the following problems.
In a group of 30 people,
24 like to play basketball
14 like to play tennis
9 like to play both basketball and tennis

1. How many people like to play basketball only?

2. How many people like to play tennis only?
3. How many people do not like to play tennis and
basketball?
To solve the problem let us follow these steps:
STEP 1. Read the problem

STEP 2. Determine what is asked in the problem.

 How many people like to play basketball only?

 How many people like to play tennis only?

 How many people do not like to play both games?

STEP 3. Determine the given. Determine the things that are given.
 the total number of people is 30,

 only 24 people like to play basketball,

 only 14 people like to play tennis

 only 9 people like to play both tennis and basketball.

To solve the problem let us follow these steps:
In the Venn Diagram, there are two intersecting circles. The first
circle represents basketball and the second circle for tennis. The
intersection represents the number of persons who like to play
both basketball and tennis. In the problem, there are 9 who like to
play both tennis and basketball. Therefore 9 is placed in the
intersection of two circles.
To solve the problem let us follow these steps:
STEP 4. Determine what operation should be used.
Subtraction and addition will be used in solving this problem.

STEP 5. Use the following operation to find the answer.

1. Since there are 9 people who like to play both tennis and
basketball and there are 14 who prefer to play tennis only, we
subtract 9 from 14 to get the number of people who like to play
tennis only. Thus, 14 - 9 = 5. So, 5 is the number of people who
like to play tennis only. We place 5 in the circle for tennis but
outside the intersection. To check we add 9 + 5 = 14 [14 is the
total number of people who like to play tennis, 9 of them playing
both tennis and basketball and 5 like to play tennis only.]
To solve the problem let us follow these steps:
2. Similarly, the total number of people who like to play basketball is
obtained by subtracting the number of people who like to play both
basketball and tennis from the total number of people who like to play
basketball. Hence the total number of people who like to play basketball
only 24 – 9 = is 15 people.
To solve the problem let us follow these steps:
To solve the problem let us follow these steps:
2. Similarly, the total number of people who like to play basketball is
obtained by subtracting the number of people who like to play both
basketball and tennis from the total number of people who like to play
basketball. Hence the total number of people who like to play basketball
only 24 – 9 = is 15 people.
 PROBLEM #2
According to a survey which involves 60 persons, it was
revealed that …
32 prefer to listen to an orchestra,
41 prefer to watch clowns perform,
15 prefer to listen to an orchestra and watch clowns
perform.

Answer the following:

1. How many persons prefer only to listen to the
orchestra?
2. How many persons prefer only to watch clowns
perform?
3. How many persons do not prefer to listen to the
orchestra and watch clowns perform?
 RE
PROBLEM #3 CONG

In a group of 100 students,

67 ride on a bus, SAN AGUSTIN2

72 ride on the jeepney,

23 ride on a tricycle
40 ride on both the bus and the jeepney, VIA
20 ride on the bus and the tricycle VERDE
17 ride on the jeepney and tricycle
15 ride on the bus, jeepney and tricycle.

Answer the following:

1. How many ride on the BUS only?
2. How many ride on the JEEPNEY only? Dasmariñas City
3. How many ride on the TRICYCLE only?
4. How many do not ride on any of the three modes of
transportation?
In order to solve problems dealing with sets
♦ Read the problem.
♦ Determine what is asked in the given problem.
♦ Determine what are the facts that are given in the problem.
♦ Determine what operation should be used.
♦ Use the operation to find the answer.