• The Carolingian Empire fell following Charlemagne’s death in 814. • During the ninth and tenth centuries Western Europe was beset by a wave of invasions from different, foreign peoples which added to the disintegration. The Invaders • Muslim Saracens attacked the southern coasts of Europe. • The Magyars came from western Asia and attacked central Europe. • The Vikings came from the north and attacked far and wide, raiding, pillaging, destroying cities and even defeating small armies. The Development of Feudalism • Invaders posed a threat to the safety of the people, especially in the absence of a strong central government. • People began to turn to local landed aristocrats or nobles to protect them. • This change led to the new political and social system called feudalism. The Development of Feudalism • At the heart of this system was the idea of vassalage. • It came from Germanic society, where warriors swore an oath to their leader. • Landowners would give pieces of their land to others in exchange for military service. • Therefore, a man who served a lord militarily was known as a vassal. Feudalism • The relationship between lord and vassal was made official by a public act of homage of vassal to the lord. • Loyalty to one’s lord was feudalism’s chief virtue. Feudalism • Feudalism came to be characterized by a set of unwritten rules known as the feudal contract. • These rules determined the relationship between lord and vassal. • The major obligation of a vassal was military service, about 40 days a year. Feudalism • The land the lord granted to a vassal was known as a fief. • Kings had vassals who themselves had vassals who also had vassals. • Feudalism became extremely complicated. Feudalism • Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups – those who fight: nobles and knights – those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church – those who work: peasants • Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are peasants Hierarchy Knights • Almost all nobles were knights. In fact, you had to be a noble just to be a knight. • Training began at age 7, as a page, under the guidance of the lady of the manor. • Became squires at age 14-15 and were trained by other knights. • Those deemed worthy were “dubbed” knights around age 21. Knights • Knights were equipped head to toe with reinforced armor. • Knights were notable for fighting atop a horse but also fought on foot. • Leather saddle and stirrups enable knights to handle heavy weapons - Lance - Broadsword - Mace - Morningstar • In the 700s, mounted knights became the most important part of an army. Knights • As blacksmiths and armorers improved their metalworking skills, they developed plate armor. • The plates provided protection and ease of movement. • Each plate covered a different area and had a specific name, as shown in the drawing. • Plate armor was effective against cuts and thrusts, but it was very expensive and few could afford it. Knights • The idea of feudalism worked and for a brief period of time, the invasions of foreign peoples ceased. • Trained as warriors but with no adult responsibilities, young knights began to hold tournaments (mock battles) in the twelfth century. • These were contests for knights to show their fighting skills. • The joust became the main attraction. Knights • In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, under the influence of the Church, an ideal of civilized behavior among the nobility evolved. • It was called chivalry. • Knights were to defend the Church and defenseless people, treat captives as honored guests, and fight for glory and not material rewards. • Can you think of a modern day chivalric code? Military? Police?
• What about and example right
here at Creekside? Knights Code of Honor Chivalry Chivalry Economics during Feudalism • The number of people almost doubled in Europe between 1000 and 1300, from 38 to 75 million people. • One reason is that increased stability and peace enabled food production to rise dramatically. • Food production increased also because a climate change improved growing conditions and more land was cleared for cultivation. • Europe had more farmland in 1200 than it does today. The New Agriculture • Technological changes also aided farming. • Water and wind power began to do jobs once done by humans or animals. • Also, iron was used to make scythes, axes, hoes, saws, hammers, and nails. • Advances such as the carruca, a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare pulled by animal teams made farming much easier. The Manorial System • Medieval landholding nobles were a military elite who needed the time to pursue the arts of war. • Peasants worked the lords’ landed estates on the fiefs of the vassals. • These estates provided the needed economic support for the nobles. • These agricultural estates were called manors. The Manorial System • Increasing numbers of free peasants became serfs– peasants legally bound to the land. • Serfs worked the lord’s land, helped maintain the estate, paid taxes and rent, and were under the lord’s control. • By 800, probably 60 percent of western Europeans were serfs. The Manorial System • Lords had a variety of legal rights over their serfs. • Serfs needed the lord’s permission to marry anyone outside of the manor and to leave the manor. • Often lords had the right to try peasants in their own courts. • Serfs, however, were not slaves. • Usually, a serf’s land could not be taken away, and serfs’ responsibilities were fixed. • The lord was obligated to protect his serfs. Life of the Peasant • European peasant life was simple. • The peasants’ one- or two-room cottages were built with wood frames surrounded by sticks with a thatched roof. • They were very cramped and there was little privacy. Life of the Peasant • The seasons largely determined peasant life and work. • Harvest time, August and September, was especially hectic. • In October, peasants prepared the ground for winter planting. • November brought the slaughtering of excess animals because usually there was not enough food to keep them alive all winter. • February and March brought plowing for spring planting. • Summer was a time for lighter work on the estates. Life of the Peasant Life of the Peasant • A peasant’s life was not all labor because of the numerous Catholic feast days, or holidays. • The three great feasts were Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost. • Other feast days were dedicated to saints or the Virgin Mary. • More than 50 days a year were essentially holidays. The Manor The Manor • By 1100, large estate houses gave way to castles. • Many people made their homes at the castles including the lord, his family, knights and other warriors and their servants. • Castles dominated much of western Europe. Warfare • Castles were also fortresses, designed for defense. • Castles were fortified with massive stone walls and guard towers. • Many large scale battles took place at these castles. • This type of warfare is known as siege warfare. • These battles were usually very gory. Siege Warfare • Typically, siege warfare took place with an army surrounding a castle and cutting off food and supplies in attempt to capture it • If the people refused to surrender, they would assault the castle using a variety of weapons, such as catapults, battering rams, ballistas and siege towers • Defensively, the people in the castle would shoot arrows , pour scalding hot water or tar onto the attackers as well as launching projectiles of their own Knights • Knights existed for several hundred years until technology and warfare forced them to abandon their way of fighting and adopt new practices.