Group A. 1,6,11,16,21

Safety considerations in Road design
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING I.O.E PULCHOWK CAMPUS

Prepered By:
1. Dinesh Bhattarai(MSTrE006)
2. Purushartha Khatiwada(MSTrE016)
3. Aachal Tiwari(MSTrE001)
4. Merina Shrestha(MSTrE011)
5. Sandip K.C(MSTrE021)
9/7/23 Group Presentation 1
Fatalities & injuries between
Mid July 2016 to. Mid june 2017
• 15 Accidents in one day
• 11 normal injuries in one day
1094 168
• 3-4 serious injuries in one day
• 3-4 death in one day No physical harm Deaths
5051
Accidents
184
3065
Seriously Injured
Normal Injuries
Source: Nepal In Data

Vehicle accidents by types in last 5 years
2015-2019
• Total vehicle accidents 82,109
• Motorcycle-Car
• 18 motorcycle accidents per
day

Factor: Road Geometry
Geometric design of a highway deals with the dimensions and layout of visible
features of the highway such as horizontal and vertical alignments, sight distances
and intersections
• Cross section elements

• Sight Distance consideration
• Horizontal alignment Details
• Vertical alignment
• Intersection alignment

Lane width

Pavement of surface
• Friction
• Unevenness
• Drainage Of surface water Clogged
Drainage
• Camber slope?

Sight Distance?
• Decision Sight Distance

• Decisision sight Distance
• Overtaking Sight Distance
• Headlight Sight Distance

Case sight distance

Turning Radius
Whose Fault ?

Curves
• Advance curve warning and
speed sign.
• Insufficient delineation at curve.
• Chevron alignment signs
providing good night-time
visibility.

Road Margins ?
Shoulder
Median
Cross Over collision
Uniformity Should be

Thank You !!!!

Safety consideration in Road Design

Pedestrian facilities include sidewalks, crosswalks,
traffic control features, and curb cuts (depressed
curbs and ramped sidewalks) and ramps for the older
walkers and persons with mobility disabilities.
Therefore, sidewalk construction should be

considered as part of any street improvement in
the suburban, urban, and urban core contexts.

Pedestrian facility design standards
1.Footpath:
⮚Area used by all pedestrain.
⮚Adjacent to roadways or away from the road
⮚Connected and continuous.
⮚Height =150mm
1.1 Clear walking zone
⮚Minimum width of the footpath should be 1.8 m wide-
wheelchair users and person with vision impairments
assisted by a sighted person
⮚A minimum 1.8 m(width) x 2.2 m (height walking
zone) should be clear of all obstructions both
horizontally and vertically.
9/7/23
⮚No Obstructions Group Presentation 15
9/7/23 Fig :-Guidelines for facilitiesGroup
forPresentation
blind and vision impaired pedestrian,2018 16
1.2.1 Clear Height:-2.2m
1.2.2 Width :-
⮚Minimum width of a clear unobstructed footpath should
be 1.8 m in roads of right of way of 10m
and above
⮚In Case of ROW less than 10m, 1.5m is acceptable.
⮚Footpath should normally be designed for the
pedestrian Level of Service B
⮚In case of resource constraints, Level of Service C

1.1.4 Frontage zone or dead width :
⮚In shopping areas, an additional 1.0 m should be
added to the stipulated 4 m footpath width. This extra
width is called “dead width”.
⮚In other circumstances where footpath
pass next to the building and fences, a dead width of
0.5 m can be added.
1.1.5 Surface Quality
✔Paved with the tiles, bricks or concrete slabs
✔ Any obstacles like potholes, tree roots and storm
water drains crossing the walkway should be removed
for the safety

1.1.6 Cross falls
❖Cross falls should only be provided where absolutely
necessary for drainage purpose.
❖Any break in the surface should not be greater than
12 mm and should cross perpendicular to the direction
of the movement.
1.1.7 Service covers

⮚Service covers to the manholes and inspection
chambers should not be positioned on footpath.
⮚Covers and gratings should be non-slip, flush with
the footpath surface, and be such that openings are
not more than 10 mm wide.

1.1.8 Pedestrian guardrails
❖To prevent haphazard crossing and spilling over of pedestrian on the

carriageway.
❖neat, simple in appearance.
❖Iron tubes, steel channeled sections, polymer fiber railings and pipes may
also be adopted so as to fit in with the environment or for better aesthetics.
❖Pedestrian guardrails are recommended to install in the following conditions
-Hazardous location on straight stretches: in busy reaches where the road is
congested and vehicles move at a fast speed.
-At junctions/intersections
-School /colleges:

-Bus stops
-Overpass or subway
-Central medians
-Places of pedestrian concentration(supermarkets,
cinema halls, transport hubs or terminals,)
1.2 Kerbs

2. Kerb ramps
⮚Kerb ramp is useful for a smooth transition, to

overcome changes in level between the footpath and
the road carriageway
⮚gradient not greater than 1:12
⮚Width of the kerb ramp should not be less than 1.2 m

3. Tactile Ground Surface Indicators (TGSI)
⮚Tactile blocks are rectangular paving blocks with small

extrusions or raised tactile nodules with an embossed
profile

3.1 Luminance Contrast:
The use of luminance-contrasting strips on the nosing of

stairs and other types of steps has been proven to
improve safety for people who are vision impaired, as
well as for all pedestrians.
3.2 Hazard or warning TGSIs (Round shaped) :

4.0 Directional TGSIs (Strips)
-the purpose of assisting vision impaired pedestrian to

walk forward

Pedestrian Crossing Facilities
Proper signaling and raised medians reduce crashes

involving pedestrians.

⮚Raised medians;
⮚ Painted medians;
⮚Pedestrian refugee islands; and
⮚ Kerb extensions.
⮚Zebra crossings;
⮚Signalised pelican (Pedestrian light controlled) crossings
⮚ Signalised puffin (Pedestrian user friendly intelligent)
crossings
⮚Children crossings (including supervised school crossings)

To improve pedestrian safety in Nepal, several key considerations should be
taken into account:
1. Infrastructure and Road Design:
❖Invest in well-designed and maintained sidewalks and crosswalks.
❖Many urban areas in Nepal lack proper pedestrian infrastructure.
❖Implement traffic calming measures, such as speed bumps and pedestrian
islands, in high-traffic areas.
❖Ensure adequate lighting at pedestrian crossings and along sidewalks,
especially in areas with heavy foot traffic during the evening.

2. Traffic Management:
⮚Implement and enforce traffic laws that prioritize pedestrian
safety, such as giving pedestrians the right of way at crosswalks.
Increase police presence to monitor and enforce traffic
regulations, including those related to pedestrian safety.
3.Public Awareness and Education:
⮚Launch public awareness campaigns to educate both pedestrians
and drivers about the importance of pedestrian safety.
⮚Teach children about road safety practices in schools.

4.Safe School Zones:
⮚Identify school zones and implement measures to ensure the safety of
children going to and from school. This includes speed limits and crosswalks
with adult crossing guards when possible.
5.Pedestrian Behavior:
⮚Encourage pedestrians to use designated crosswalks and avoid jaywalking.
⮚Discourage the use of mobile phones or headphones while crossing roads.
6. Vehicle Safety Standards:
Implement and enforce vehicle safety standards to ensure that vehicles are
equipped with safety features such as functional brakes, lights, and horns.

7. Public Transportation:
Improve public transportation options to reduce the
reliance on walking in areas with heavy traffic.
Ensure safe access to bus stops and train stations.
8. Urban Planning:
⮚Incorporate pedestrian-friendly urban planning
principles in city development projects.
⮚Prioritize mixed-use zoning to reduce the need for
long walks or dangerous crossings.

9.Data Collection and Analysis:
Collect and analyze data on pedestrian accidents to identify high-risk
areas and develop targeted safety interventions.
10.Collaboration:
Encourage collaboration between government agencies, non-
governmental organizations, and community groups to address
pedestrian safety issues collectively.
11.Enforcement and Penalties:
Enforce penalties for reckless driving and failure to yield to
pedestrians, sending a strong message that pedestrian safety is a
priority.
12.Emergency Services:
Ensure that emergency services have rapid access to accident
scenes to provide prompt medical assistance to injured
pedestrians.
13.Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities:
Make sure pedestrian infrastructure is accessible for people
with disabilities, including ramps, tactile pavements, and
audible signals at crosswalks.
.

Road Access Management

Introduction
o Road Access Management: Systematic planning & control of road access
points for safe traffic movement.
o Goals: Balance access needs (driveways, intersections) with overall traffic
flow.
o Implementation: Policies, regulations, and physical measures for traffic flow &
safety.
o Access Points: Designing intersections, ramps, and driveways for efficient
entry/exit.
o Regulations: Guidelines for spacing, design, and operation of access points.
o Tools: Traffic signals, signage, lane configurations, traffic calming measures.

Introduction Continued….
o Access management strategies: Limit access points, consolidate

driveways, promote shared access, offer alternative options (frontage
roads, service roads).
o Traffic impact studies: Assess new developments' effects on traffic flow
and safety.
o Benefits of effective access management: Improved traffic flow,
reduced congestion, increased safety, enhanced pedestrian/cyclist
mobility, better transportation efficiency.
o Implementation through collaboration: Involving transportation
agencies, land use planners, developers, engineers, and stakeholders
for a comprehensive approach.
https://www.snyder-associates.com [Assessed: 22nd July, 2023]
https://www.google.com [Assessed: 22nd July, 2023]
https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov
9/7/23
[Assessed: Group
22nd Presentation
July, 2023] 39
https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/provencountermeasures/corridor_access_mgmt.cfm [Assessed: 22nd July, 2023]

Objectives
The main objectives of Road Access Management are as follows:

o Enhance safety by minimizing conflicts between vehicles,
pedestrians, and cyclists.
o Optimize traffic operations, reduce congestion through access
point management.
o Improve transportation efficiency with proper access spacing
and design.
o Maintain/improve functionality of adjacent land uses.

Some possible Nepali codes related to road access management
o Traffic Act (Bato Niyamawali): Regulations for road access

management, including access point design and enforcement.
o Road Access Permit Regulations (Bato Prabesh Anugaman
Niyamawali): Procedures to obtain permits for safe access points.
o Road Access Design standards (Bato Prabesh Niyamitka Nirdeshika):
Technical specifications for access point design.
o Traffic Signal Installation and Operation Guidelines (Yatayat
Pratirodhak Dhwani Sthapana ra Prabidhi Nirdeshika): Criteria for
traffic signal installation at intersections.
o Road Widening and Improvement Guidelines (Bato Chaudha ra
Sudhar Nirdeshika): Guidance for road improvement projects and
access
9/7/23
management. Group Presentation 42
Types of Access Points
o Driveways: Links private properties to the road network.

o Intersections: Junctions for vehicle entry and exit.
o Pedestrians and Bicycle Access: Crossings and facilities for
non-motorized transport.

Factors considered in Road access Management
o Traffic Volumes: Evaluate expected traffic volume and capacity

for proper access spacing.
o Safety Considerations: Assess potential conflicts and crash
risks at access points.
o Functional Classification: Consider road classification (arterial,
collector, local) and its impact on access management.
o Land Use: Analyze compatibility of adjacent land uses with
road access points.
o Design Standards: Follow applicable codes and standards for
road geometry, visibility, and signage.

Access Management Techniques
o Access Spacing: Set safe and efficient distances between access

points.
o Median Design: Use medians to control turns and separate
opposing traffic.
o Intersection Design: Optimize intersection operations with
geometric design.
o Traffic Calming Measures: Implement features to reduce
speeds and enhance safety.
o Pedestrians and Bicycle Facilities: Include crossings and
infrastructure for non-motorized
9/7/23 modes.
Group Presentation 45
Thank you

Road side Safety

Introduction
▪ Roadside safety refers to the measures taken to ensure the safety of

drivers, pedestrians, and other road users along the sides of roads or
highways.
▪ It includes proper road design, installation of barriers, signage and
markings, adequate lighting, maintenance, efficient emergency
response systems, and proper speed limits and enforcement.

Why Road side safety?
▪ Acts as a guidance to the road users.

▪ To reduce accidents, injuries, and fatalities.
▪ To minimize the impact of accidents on traffic flow and reduce
delays caused by accidents.
▪ To provide safe and convenient travel for motorists, pedestrians, and
other road users by maintaining and improving road infrastructure.
▪ Encouraging appropriate speeds and behavior.

Common roadside safety measures
1. Roadside barriers: these are physical barriers, such as guardrails and

crash cushions, designed to prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway or
colliding with hazardous objects.
2. Clear zone management: clear zones are areas adjacent to the road that
are kept free of fixed objects to provide recovery space for errant vehicles.
This includes removing trees, utility poles, and other obstacles that may
pose a threat to motorists.
3. Roadside signage and markings: clear and visible signage, road

markings, and delineators are essential to guide drivers and convey
important information, such as speed limits, lane usage, and upcoming
hazards.
Contd…
4. Lighting: proper lighting along roadsides improves visibility,

especially during nighttime, reducing the chances of accidents and
increasing overall safety.
5. Speed management: implementing speed limits and employing
speed enforcement measures, such as speed cameras or police
presence, helps control vehicle speeds and reduces the likelihood of
accidents.
6. Roadside maintenance: regular maintenance of roadside
infrastructure, including repairing potholes, fixing damaged
guardrails, and removing debris, ensures a safer environment for
motorists.

Safety Barriers
▪ Safety barriers and safety fences are structures that serve to

physically stop vehicles from running off the road.
▪ Safety barriers do not get deformed in the process, whereas, the
fences are
designed to absorb some of the kinetic energy by getting deformed.

Criteria for provision of safety barriers:
(Road Safety Notes 6; Traffic Engineering and Safety Unit
Design Branch, Department of Roads
Ministry of Works and transport)
▪ To protect vehicles from falling down a slope - this applies where

there is a drop of 3 meters or more at or near the edge of the road
and the slope is steeper than 1 in 4.
▪ To protect vehicles from hitting a roadside object - this applies
where there is a hazardous object, such as a bridge pier, large sign
post, breast wall, rocky face, or the end of a bridge parapet which is
close to the edge of the carriageway.

It is not economic to install safety barrier on every section of road that falls into these
categories.
The following are some determining factors:
1. whether there have been run-off-road or crossover accidents at the site - in the case of
an existing road.
2. whether the site is on a sharp bend - defined as a bend where the design speed differs
from the approach speed 85th percentile speed by more than 15 km/h.
3. whether it is a busy road - defined as a road with an ADT of >1,000
4. whether the traffic speed (85th percentile speed) approaching the site is greater than 50
km/h.
If two or more of these considerations apply there is a good case for installing safety
barrier. However, a bad record of casualty accidents involving run-off-road vehicles (3 or
more a year) will in itself be sufficient justification for safety barrier.
Types of barriers and its use

Delineation Measures
(Road Safety Notes 5, Traffic Engineering and Safety Unit
Design Branch, Department of Roads
Ministry of Works and transport)
Delineation is any device or treatment whose aim is to outline the

road. Delineating devices give the driver visual clues as to where the
road is going. Studies show that an intelligent mix of some of the
delineating devices can reduce accidents by as much as 60 percent.
▪ It shows the safe limits of the road.
▪ It helps drivers to control approach speed on bends.
▪ It improves lane discipline.
▪ It aids in identifying potentially hazardous situations such as sharp
bends and obstacles.

General Practices in our context
▪ Centre and edge lines:

Except on single and intermediate lane roads as per NRS-2045,
white center and lane lines are found to be widely used. Yellow edge
lines have been introduced a few years ago on roads with shoulders.
▪ Post Delineator:
DOR has standardized post delineators in 1978 (DWG. NO. DSS
006-2/2, Department of Roads Standard Designs, Design Branch,
January 1978). These are prismatic concrete posts painted with black
and white strips. Post delineators have been found to be used along
curves, high embankments and floodways.

Standard to be adopted:
The length of the concrete posts to be used as post delineator should
be 1500 mm or more, so that 1000 mm should be above road level
after erection. No concrete foundation block shall be used for erection
of a post delineator.

Street lighting
▪ Street lighting enables motor vehicle drivers, cyclists and
pedestrians to move safely and comfortable by reducing the risk of
traffic accident and improving personal safety.
▪ From traffic point of view street lighting is important in potential
conflict points such as intersections.

Provision for street lighting
(Nepal Road Standard 2070)
1.Provision of artificial lighting should be made on all roads near populated areas, on major
bridges, bus stops, roads and railroads intersections (up to a distance of 250m from the point
of intersections), tunnels and approaches to them and toll plazas.
2. Light mounting poles should be at least 9m high(but mounting heights of 10 to 15 m are
usually preferable). They should be located outside the edge of the roadway or on wide
central medians.
3. Level of illumination should be 30 lux on important high speed roads and 15 lux on other
main
roads.
4.The ratio of minimum to average illuminations should be about 0.4.

Light pole height and spacing
(NURS 2076)

Traffic Signs and
Markings
Safety Considerations

Traffic signs
• A “Traffic Sign” means any object, device, line or mark on the

road whose object is to convey to road users, or any specified
class of road user, restrictions, prohibitions, warnings or
information, of any description
• Includes road markings, delineators, road studs, traffic light
signals and other traffic control devices
• The traffic signs is uniform and most symbols convey message

Importance
• Traffic control
• Guiding pedestrians and drivers
• Road safety
• Regulation
• Visual guidance
• Importance for night time

Principles
• They are visible

• They are legible
• They are understandable
• Road users know what they mean
• Motivate road user to behave properly

Placement of signs
• Signs should be within road user’s view

• Should be placed according to situation it applies to
• Legibility and location should be such that it provides adequate
response time for the road user
• Free from advertisements
• Should be operated in uniform and consistent manner
• The signs no longer needed should be removed

Types of traffic signs

Regulatory signs
• They are mandatory or

prohibitory signs
• They impose practical
effect on regulation or
control the traffic
• The signs are generally
circular with red lining and
white background
• Included in A category in
traffic sign manual
Contd..

Warning signs
• Alerts the drivers of

potential danger ahead
• Assists greatly in road
safety
• They indicate extra caution
for road user that may
require reduction in speed
for manuever
• Included in B category
Contd..

Informatory signs
• Includes direction and other

signs of information such as
schools and hospital area
• Generally rectangular in shape
with blue background and
white lettering
• Included in C category
• For directions generally black,
white and green colours are
used
Supplementary plates
• Gives additional information or

clarified message
• Mostly used with regulatory
and warning signs
• Mounted 75mm below primary
signs
• Letters are of 60 mm height
• Included in D category
Traffic signals
• Guide the road users through

coloured lighting
• Two types: vehicle signal and
pedestrian signal
• Lower edge of signal is about 2.3
m above the carriage way
• Should be as close to the kerb as
possible

Contd…

Road markings
• Longitudinal or lateral
lines on the road
• Warns, controls or guides
the road users
• Consists longitudinal
markings, pedestrian
crossings and transverse
lines

Contd…

Positioning of signs and markings

Positioning
• Signs are clearly visible

• No confusion what they refer to
• No obstruction to the drivers
• Not placed where are struck by vehicles
• Closer than 600mm from outer edge of shoulder

Siting
• Drivers should be given at right time

• Regulatory signs are placed near to the point
• Signs are placed such that it can be seen from a distance
• Signs are generally placed left hand side
• On sharp curves placed on right side or both sides

Night time visibility
• Signs should be fully retro

reflectorized
• Signs should have retro
reflective sheeting
• Should select suitable colour for
background
• High intensity sheeting is
required in critical area

Contd…

Height and angle
• Lower edge is at least

2000mm from the
carriageway
• Never mounted less than 1
m above the ground
• Temporary signs can be
mounted 300mm above
ground

Lettering

lettering

Some scenarios and cases
Stop and give way give way

Contd…

Contd…

Contd…

Contd…

Contd…

Contd…

Contd…

Contd…

Thank You
Any Queries?

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Safety considerations in Road design

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING I.O.E PULCHOWK CAMPUS

Source: Nepal In Data

9/7/23 Group Presentation 2

9/7/23 Group Presentation 3

• Cross section elements

9/7/23 Group Presentation 4

9/7/23 Group Presentation 5

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• Decision Sight Distance

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Therefore, sidewalk construction should be

9/7/23 Group Presentation 14

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1.1.7 Service covers

9/7/23 Group Presentation 20

❖To prevent haphazard crossing and spilling over of pedestrian on the

9/7/23 Group Presentation 21

9/7/23 Group Presentation 22

⮚Kerb ramp is useful for a smooth transition, to

9/7/23 Group Presentation 23

⮚Tactile blocks are rectangular paving blocks with small

9/7/23 Group Presentation 24

The use of luminance-contrasting strips on the nosing of

9/7/23 Group Presentation 25

-the purpose of assisting vision impaired pedestrian to

9/7/23 Group Presentation 26

Proper signaling and raised medians reduce crashes

9/7/23 Group Presentation 27

9/7/23 Group Presentation 28

9/7/23 Group Presentation 30

9/7/23 Group Presentation 31

9/7/23 Group Presentation 32

9/7/23 Group Presentation 33

9/7/23 Group Presentation 35

9/7/23 Group Presentation 36

9/7/23 Group Presentation 37

o Access management strategies: Limit access points, consolidate

https://www.snyder-associates.com [Assessed: 22nd July, 2023]

https://www.google.com [Assessed: 22nd July, 2023]

https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/provencountermeasures/corridor_access_mgmt.cfm [Assessed: 22nd July, 2023]

9/7/23 Group Presentation 40

The main objectives of Road Access Management are as follows:

9/7/23 Group Presentation 41

o Traffic Act (Bato Niyamawali): Regulations for road access

o Driveways: Links private properties to the road network.

9/7/23 Group Presentation 43

o Traffic Volumes: Evaluate expected traffic volume and capacity

9/7/23 Group Presentation 44

o Access Spacing: Set safe and efficient distances between access

9/7/23 Group Presentation 46

9/7/23 Group Presentation 47

▪ Roadside safety refers to the measures taken to ensure the safety of

9/7/23 Group Presentation 48

▪ Acts as a guidance to the road users.

9/7/23 Group Presentation 49