PIPES

Prepared by :
Engr.Sherileen D. Eva, MEM
Learning Objectives
• Analyze pipes of different diameters connected in series and pipes
connected in parallel.
• Analyze pipe network using Hardy Cross Method.
• Solve problems related to pipe analysis using different formulas and
the continuity flow formula.
• Determine discharge and head loss in closed conduits
Pipes
• A pipe may be defined as a closed conduit
through which liquids or gasses flow and are
generally considered to be flowing full. The
cross-sectional area may be of any geometrical
plane area, circular, square, ellipse, or trapezoid.
Critical Velocities in Pipes
• Reynolds established a criterion applicable to
all fluids for determining the type of flow
occurring under stated conditions.

D= diameter of pipe
V=velocity
Ρ = density
µ= viscosity

Note:
Nre <2100 Laminar
Nre >3000 Turbulent
2100<Nre<3000 Transition flow
Loss of Head
• The loss of head in pipes can be generally classified as the major loss
and the minor losses.
1. Major Loss
Major loss is due to “pipe friction” along the straight sections of
the pipe of uniform diameter and uniform roughness.
2. Minor Loss
Minor losses are caused by the change in velocity of flow due to
contraction and enlargement of the cross section, change in direction,
and obstruction.
The loss of head due to pipe friction can be determined from
general laws based upon observation and experiment. These laws
briefly stated are:
• Frictional loss in turbulent flow generally increases with the
roughness of the pipe. When the flow is laminar the frictional loss is
independent of the roughness.
• b. Frictional loss is directly proportional to the area of the wetted
surface, or лDL.
• Frictional loss varies inversely as some power of the pipe diameter,
or as 1/Dx .
• Frictional loss varies as some power of the velocity, or as Vn . e.
Frictional loss varies as some power of the ratio of viscosity to density
of the fluid, or as (μ/ρ)r .
 Head loss, hf,
formulas in terms
of discharge, Q,
length of pipe, L,
and internal pipe
diameter, D
 Head loss, hf,
formulas in terms
of discharge, Q,
length of pipe, L,
and internal pipe
diameter, D
 Head loss, hf,
formulas in terms
of discharge, Q,
length of pipe, L,
and internal pipe
diameter, D
Minor Losses
Minor losses consist of the following:
a. Loss of head due to contraction, hc. This loss of head is caused by the reduction
in the cross-sectional area of the stream and the resulting increase in velocity.
a. Loss of head due to contraction, hc. This loss of head is caused by
the reduction in the cross-sectional area of the stream and the resulting
increase in velocity.
c. Loss of head due to obstruction, hg. This loss is
caused by gates or valves which produce a
change in cross-sectional area in the pipe or in
the direction of flow. The result is usually a
sudden increase or decrease in velocity followed
by a more gradual return to the original velocity.
 d. Loss of head due to
bends, hb. This loss of
head is caused by bends
or curves in pipes
Pipes in Series
Assumptions
1.At any junction, the total inflow must equal the total outflow (mass
conservation)
2. The total head loss in the system (pipes in series) must be the sum
of the major losses in each pipe and the summation of the minor
losses.
Sample Problems
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Pipes in Parallel
Assumptions
1. At any junction, the total inflow must equal the total outflow.
2. The head loss on pipes that are in parallel within the system are
equal.
3. The total head loss in the system (pipes in series) must be the sum
of the major losses in each pipe and the summation of the minor
losses.
Sample Problem