CROP

PRODUCTION
PRACTICE IN CROP
PRODUTION
SELECETION OF SEEDS
•One of the primary requisite for
successful farm crop production is good
quality seed
•A seed is fertilized repined ovule of a
flowering plant that contains an embryo
of germination to produce a new plant
FACTORS IN
SELECTING SEEDS
VIABILITY
•Seeds that can germinate and
produce strong healthy plants
that are considered valuable
seeds
DAMAGE FREE SEEDS
•Seeds should be whole and
free from any damage either
by insects or mechanical
elements
TRUE TO TYPE
•Seed should be of the same
variety and should have
uniform shapes and sizes
FREE FROM SEED BORNE DISEASES

•Seed should be come from

disease free plants (free from
pest and pathogens).
FREE FROM WEED MIXTURE
•Seed should be free from
weeds and other foreign or
inert matter
MATURE
•Seeds should come from fully
ripened fruits. Matured seeds have
fully developed embryos. They can be
distinguished by their size, texture
and color.
CULTURE AND
MANAGEMENT OF
PLANTS FROM SEEDS
SOIL FERTILITY
•Spacing between seedlings
should be a little wider in less
fertile and sandy soil
AVAILABILITY OF WATER
•Planting at lower density (less
number seeds for a given area should
be done in areas with limited supply
of water.)
TILLERING CAPACITY OF THE CROP
• Early maturing varieties that do not develop
tillers or spike can be planted close together.
However, small grains like rice that have tillers or
spikes should be planted at lower densities.
• Seed density= Number of seeds per meter of row
• (%of germination) x (%of expectedemergence)
SEED TESTING
•Is done to assess seed lot
attributes and determine overall
quality ad value for seedling
production and storage
COMMON METHODS OF
TESTING SEED
VIABILITY
DISH METHOD
•Also known as dinner plate metho
which the germination is done thru
placing the seeds in plate line the
dish with moistened, tissue paper,
then place a number of seeds.
RAG-DOLL METHOD
• The ragdoll germination test involves
placing a number of seeds in a moist
paper towel, rolling p the towel and
seeds to place inside a plastic bag, and
assessing the number of seeds that
germinate over the next few days
SEED BOX METHODS
•Plant a number of seeds in a seed box
and water them. After several days,
count the seeds that germinated and
compute for the percentage of
germination using this formula :
LAND
PREPARATION
LAND PREPARATION
•Is done in accordance with the
requirement of crops, whether they
grow under dry land or wet land
systems. (Lantican, 2011).
PROCESS OF LAND
PREPARATION
CLEARING
•The garden site should be cleaned
thoroughly by removing grasses,
weeds and other undesirable plants
that may affect the growth of the
plants
PLOWING
•This is the first and most
important operation in the
preparation of the land.
HARROWING
•The purpose of harrowing is to make
the plowed soil fine and compact as
well as to destroy weeds, weed
seedlings, and grasses.
RAISING SEEDBEDS
•Plants beds are raised to provide
drainage during the rainy season
WAYS OF PLANTING
SEEDS
DIRECT SEEDLING
•The method involves planting
seeds in an area where they will
grow they are ready for
harvesting
INDIRECT SEEDLING
• In this method, the seeds are planted in
seedbeds or seed boxes to produce
seedlings, which are then transplanted
in the fields as they have three or more
leaves
IRRIGATION AND
WATER SUPPLY
IRRIGATION
•The artificial
application of
water to the
land or soil
DRAINAGE
•The natural or
artificial removal
of surface or
substance water
in a given area
TYPES OF
IRRIGATION
SURFACE IRRIGATION OR FLOOD
IRRIGATION
• Is the application of water gravity flow to
the surface of the field. Either the entire
field is flooded (basin irrigation) or the
water is fed into small channels
(furrows) or strips of land (borders)
BASINS IRRIGATION
• Are flat areas of land surrounded by low
bunds. The bunds prevent the water
from flowing to the adjacent fields. It is
commonly used for rice grown on flat
lands or in terraces on hillsides.
FURROW IRRIGATION
•Are small channels, which carry
water down the land slope
between the crop rows.
BORDER IRRIGATION
• Are long, sloping strips of land separated
by bunds. They are sometime called
border strips
M
2. LOCALIZED IRRIGATION
• Localized irrigation
systems apply water
directly where the
plant is growing thus
minimizing water
loss through
evaporation from the
soil
DRIP IRRIGATION
• Is sometimes called trickle irrigation
and involves dropping onto the soil at
very low rates (2-20 liters/hours) from a
system of small diameter plastic pipes
fitted with outlets called emitters or
drippers
SUITABLE CROPS
• Drip irrigation is most suitable for row
crops (vegetables, soft fruits), tree and
wine crops where one or more emitters
can be provided for each plant
SUITABLE SLOPE
• Drip irrigation is adaptable to any formable
slopes. Normally the crop would be planted
along contour lines and the water supply
pipes (laterals) would be laid along the
contour also
SUITABLE SOIL
•Drip irrigation is suitable for most
soils. On clay soils water must be
applied slowly to avoid surface water
ponding and runoff.
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
• Is a method of applying water which is
similar to natural rainfall. Water is
distributed through a system of pipes usually
by pumping.
3. SUB-IRRIGATION
•Also known as Seepage irrigation, is
a method of irrigation where water is
delivered to plant root zone from
below the soil surface and absorbed
upwards.
4. MANUAL IRRIGATION
• Using buckets or
hand sprinkler.
Manual irrigations
are easy to handle
and there is no need
for technical
equipment
FERTILIZER
FERTILIZER
•Are substances added to
the soil to increase fertility
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
• These are known as
natural fertilizer because
they are man-made. It is
came from plant or
animal materials that
are used either through
direct incorporation into
the soil or through
composting
ANIMAL MANURE
• This contains high
amounts of organic
material valuable to
the growth of crops
GREEN MANURE
• Is produced by
planting
leguminous crops
over the areas for
planting.
COMPOST
•Is an organic
material
consisting mostly
of animal
manure and crop
residues
2. INORGANIC FERTILIZER
• Also referred to as
synthetic fertilizer,
as manufactured
artificially and
contains minerals
and synthetic
chemicals
APPLICATION OF
FERTILIZER
BROADCAST METHOD

• This is done by
scattering fertilizer
uniformly around
each plant
SIDE DRESSING APPLICATION
• Fertilizers are at
close to the seeds
or around the
established for
easy absorption of
the elements.
FOLIAR FERTILIZER
•This is done by
dissolving
fertilizer in water
and spraying.
CONTROL OF PLANTS
PESTS AND DISEASE
PEST
• Is a collective term
that refers to
organism that
injure or damage
plant
INSECT PEST
• Are insects that
cause damage to
human and human
concerns
PARTS OF AN INSECT

•Mouth
•Thorax
•abdomen
TYPES OF INSECT PEST
CHEWING INSECTS
• These insects take
their food by
biting off and
eating up the
leaves and other
parts of the plants
SUCKING INSECTS
• These insects have
tube-like mouth
parts, which they can
insert into leaves
and stems to suck
juice of succulent
plants.
SIPHONING INSECTS
They have coiled
tube that dip into
liquid food such
as nectar and
draw it
SPONGING INSECTS

• Have two sponge-

like structures that
collect liquid food
and move it into
the food canal
PLANT DISEASES
PLANT DISEASES
•Are abnormal conditions in plants
that are manifested through sign and
symptoms
TYPES OF MICRO-
ORGANISMS AND
PATHOGENS
BACTERIA
• These are microscopic organisms that
depend on plants for food. They enter
the host plant either thru wounds or
through the cracks of the epidermis.
VIRUSES
• These are infectious or pathogenic
organisms that are too small to seen by
naked eye. They are highly infectious and
can be easily transmitted to healthy plants
by mere plant movement or through insects
with sucking mouth parts
NEMATODES
•These are microscopic eel-like
roundworms that feed on the roots
and on the underground parts of
many kinds of crops
TYPES OF PLANT
DISEASES
BLIGHT
•Cause plant to
quickly turn
brown as if they
had been burned
CANKER
•Cause open
wounds on
woody plant
stems
DAMPING OFF
• A fungal disease
that causes young
plants and
seedlings to rot off
at the soil level
GALLS
•Round
swellings or
growth on
plants
LEAF SPOTS
• Ring of different
shades of brown,
green, or yellow
that makes spots
on leaves
MILDEW
•Grow on leaf
surfaces (both
upper and lower)
MOSAIC
• Caused by viruses
that make the leaves
have irregular
mottled areas with
patters ranging from
dark green to light
green to yellow to
white
ROOT ROT
•Causes plants
to decay and
die
RUST
• Causes small spot on
leaves that resembles
yellow, orange,
brown or red rust
mainly on the
underneath side of
the leaves
SMUT
• A back powdery
disease that causes
blister that burst
open releasing
black spores
WILTS
•Disease that
blocks the
uptakes of water
in plant stems
causing it to wilt
PEST ABD DISEASES
CONTRO METHODS
A. CHEMICAL COMPOUND
•Using either
insecticides or
pesticides
TYPE OF POISON
CONTACT POISON
• Affect the insect’s
nervous system
and must come
into contact with
insect to be
effective
STOMACH POISON
• Are sprayed on
plant surfaces or
are taken into the
plant through
absorption
SYSTEMATIC POISON
•Absorbed by the
plant and the
ingested by the
pest when it
feeds.
FUMIGANTS
• Poisonous gases
released into an
enclosed place so
that insects
breathe the gases
B. CULTURAL CONTROL
•Involves sanitation, removing
insects breeding and hiding
areas and using insect resistant
varieties
C. MECHANICAL CONTROL
•Using physical controls such as
traps, screens, washing plants
with soapy water
D. NATURAL METHOD
•Using natural barriers to control
insects such as rivers, woods,
mountains and natural predator
E. QUARANTINE
•Physical isolating insects from
healthy plants
F. COMBINED METHOD
•Using a combination of control
methods is called Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) or Integrated
Control
METHODS OF
PROPAGATING TREES
PROPAGATION
•Refers to the reproduction and
multiplication of plants from their
ancestral species
SEXUAL PROPAGATION
• Is the most natural
way of propagating
plants.
ASEXUAL PROPAGTION
• This can be achieved
without the help of a
sex organs of the
plant. This method
involves developing
new plant parts such
as the roots, branches,
stems and leaves
TWO METHODS OF
ASEXUAL
PROPAGATION
NATURAL ASEXUAL METHOD
• Is the process of multiplying by using
growing plants like the bulb, suckers,
tubers, root stock, runner and rhizome
ABOVE THE GROUND RUNNER
• These parts grow
from the base of the
main stem of the
plant. They run
along the ground
and produce a new
plant at the end
UNDERGROUND RUNNER
•Examples of plants with
underground runners are sugar cane
and pineapple
SUCKERS OR SHOOTERS
•These are stems
that develop
from the
underground
portion of the
plant
RHIZOMES
• These are fleshy,
root-like, and usually
horizontal
underground plants
stems that form
shoots above and
roots below the
ground
ROOT STOCKS
•These develop
from a set of
roots and grow
into a new
plant
LEAVES
• Some leaves are
capable in producing
new plant. These
new plants grow
from the leaves that
came in contact in a
dump soil
BULBS
• These parts are
actually modified
leaves that are fold
around each other
TUBERS
•These are thicken
stem that have
buds or node like
scars
ARTIFICIAL ASEXUAL PROPAGATION
• These are production of
plants using the part
and buds of selected
mother mother parts
and applying the
different methods like
cutting, layering,
budding, grafting and
marcotting
CUTTING
•This is the simpliest method of plant
propagation involves propagation
plant thru the cuttings from the
parts of the plants
STEM CUTTING
• This is the most
commonly used
method. The stems
are cut into eight to
ten inches long and
have two or three
leaves attached to
them
ROOT CUTTING
• Plants that grow
suckers or sprouts be
propagated this way,
roots are cut into
pieces about 3-7 cm
long and planted
horizontal in the soil
SCION
•Dormant
igneous woody
twigs
EYE
•Pieces of foliated
or defoliated
stalks with one or
more eyes
LEAF CUTTING
• In this method, a
leaf blade or leaf
petiole is to
propagate new
plants.
2. LAYERING
•Roots are
induced on the
shoots while
they are still
attached to the
mother plant
AIR LAYERING
• Usually called
marcotting is a
method of
propagating new
trees and shrubs
from stems still
attached to the
parent plant.
GROUND OR SIMPLE LAYERING
• Rooting is done on
the shoot itself
when it is still
attached to the
mother plant
MOUND LAYERING
• A method of propagation
in which various woody-
stemmed plants (as
currants , gooseberries,
quinces) are cut back to
the ground in early
spring and the new
shoots that they develop
COMPOSITE LAYERING
•similar to simple
layering but
several layers can
result from a
single stem.
COMPOUND LAYERING
• Compound
(serpentine) layering
is similar to simple
layering, but several
layers can result
from a single stem.
TIPS LAYERING
• the propagation of
plants by bending a
stem to the ground and
covering the tip with
soil so that roots and
new shoots may
develop.
3. GRAFTING
• this is the kind of
artificial propagation
in which the stem of
one plant is inserted
into another plant so
that the two stems
join to form a new
plant.
APPROACH GRAFTING
• the rootstock is
approached to the
scion, while it is still
attached to the
mother plant.
INARCHING GRAFTING
• used to bypass a
damaged area of the
tree trunk. The scion
can be existing shoot or
sucker, or can be a new
plant planted alongside
the damaged area.
BARK GRAFTING
• used on flowering
and fruit trees.
This technique is
applied to
rootstock
SIDE VENEER GRAFTING
• the most popular way to
graft conifer and
usually done on the
potted rootstock e.
Splice grating is usually
applied to herbaceous
materials that callus or
knit easily. It is used on
plants with a stem
SPLICE GRAFTING
• Splice grating is usually
applied to herbaceous
materials that callus or
knit easily. It is used on
plants with a stem
diameter of % inch or
less and both the stock
and the scion must be
of the same diameter.
WHIP AND TONGUE GRAFTING

• most commonly
used on nursery
crops or woody
ornamentals.
SADDLE GRAFTING
• a deep cleft is made in
the end of the scion by
two sloping cuts and
the end of the stock is
made wedge-shaped
to fit the cleft in the
scion, which is placed
upon it saddle wise.
BRIDGE GRAFTING
• is used to bridge a
diseased or damaged
are area of plant,
usually at or near the
base of the trunk.