TRUTH

VALUES
Ms. Sheena R. Salomon
UBLC Faculty
 Mathematicians normally use a two-valued
logic: Every statement is
either True or False. This is called the Law
of the Excluded Middle.
 A statement in sentential logic is built from
simple statements using the logical
connectives , , , , and . The truth or
falsity of a statement built with these
connective depends on the truth or falsity
of its components.
BASE 2
= element of True and False

For example, P and Q as propositions. Therefore n=2

Four (4) elements of True and False.

2 True, 2 False
Negation
If the element is True, its
negation is False.
If the element is False, its
negation is True.
 P ~P
TRUE (T)
FALSE (F)
 P ~P
TRUE (T) FALSE
(F)
FALSE
(F)
 P ~P
TRUE (T) FALSE
(F)
FALSE TRUE (T)
(F)
Conjunction

It is only true when

both elements are
true.
 P ᶺQ
P Q
T T
 P ᶺQ
P Q
T T
T F
 P ᶺQ
P Q
T T
T F
F T
 P ᶺQ
P Q
T T
T F
F T
F F
 P ᶺQ
P Q P ᶺQ
T T
T F
F T
F F
 P ᶺQ
P Q P ᶺQ
T T T
T F
F T
F F
 P ᶺQ
P Q P ᶺQ
T T T
T F F
F T
F F
 P ᶺQ
P Q P ᶺQ
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F
 P ᶺQ
P Q P ᶺQ
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Disjunction

It is false only when

both elements are
false.
 PᵥQ
P Q PᵥQ
T T
T F
F T
F F
 PᵥQ
P Q PᵥQ
T T T
T F
F T
F F
 PᵥQ
P Q PᵥQ
T T T
T F T
F T
F F
 PᵥQ
P Q PᵥQ
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F
 PᵥQ
P Q PᵥQ
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
 Conditional
It is True, if both elements are true.
It is True, If the hypothesis is False

Itis only false, if the hypothesis is True

and the conclusion is False.
 P→Q
hypothesis conclusion

P Q P→Q
T T
T F
F T
F F
 P→Q
hypothesis conclusion

P Q P→Q
T T T
T F
F T
F F
 P→Q
hypothesis conclusion

P Q P→Q
T T T
T F F
F T
F F
 P→Q
hypothesis conclusion

P Q P→Q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F
 P→Q
hypothesis conclusion

P Q P→Q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Bi-conditional
It is True, if the elements
are both True and both
False.
 P ↔Q
P Q P ↔Q
T T
T F
F T
F F
 P ↔Q
P Q P ↔Q
T T T
T F
F T
F F
 P ↔Q
P Q P ↔Q
T T T
T F F
F T
F F
 P ↔Q
P Q P ↔Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F
 P ↔Q
P Q P ↔Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
3 IDENTIFICATIONS OF
TRUTH VALUES
TAUTOLOGY
CONTRADICTION
CONTINGENCY
 3 IDENTIFICATIONS OF
TRUTH VALUES
TAUTOLOGY
- A tautology is a statement that is always
true, no matter what. If you construct a truth
table for a statement and all of the column
values for the statement are true (T), then the
statement is a tautology because it's always
true!
3 IDENTIFICATIONS OF
TRUTH VALUES
CONTRADICTION
- A contradiction is always the
conjunction of two statements, one the
negation of the other.
 3 IDENTIFICATIONS OF
TRUTH VALUES
CONTINGENCY
- A contingent statement will have a truth table
with both true and false rows.
 3 CONDITIONAL
PROPOSITIONS
Conditional Statement: P Q
 CONVERSE : Q P
 INVERSE: ~P ~Q
 CONTRAPOSITIVE: ~Q ~P
EXAMPLE: If two angles are congruent, then they
have the same measure.
CONVERSE: If two angles have the same measure,
then they are congruent.
INVERSE: If two angles are not congruent, then
they do not have the same measure.
CONTRAPOSITIVE: If two angles do not have the
same measure, then they are not congruent.
 3 CONDITIONAL
PROPOSITIONS
Conditional Statement: P Q
 CONVERSE : Q P
 INVERSE: ~P ~Q
 CONTRAPOSITIVE: ~Q ~P
If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, then it has two pairs of parallel
Statement
sides.
If a quadrilateral has two pairs of parallel sides, then it is a
Converse
rectangle. (FALSE!)

If a quadrilateral is not a rectangle, then it does not have two

Inverse
pairs of parallel sides. (FALSE!)

If a quadrilateral does not have two pairs of parallel sides, then it

Contrapositive
is not a rectangle.
Let’s answer the given proposition.

Pᶺ~Q
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q
T T
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q
T T
T F
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q
T T
T F
F T
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q
T T
T F
F T
F F
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q ~Q
T T
T F
F T
F F
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q ~Q
T T F
T F
F T
F F
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q ~Q
T T F
T F T
F T
F F
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q ~Q
T T F
T F T
F T F
F F
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q ~Q
T T F
T F T
F T F
F F T
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q ~Q Pᶺ~Q

T T F
T F T
F T F
F F T
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q ~Q Pᶺ~Q

T T F F
T F T
F T F
F F T
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q ~Q Pᶺ~Q

T T F F
T F T T
F T F
F F T
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q ~Q Pᶺ~Q

T T F F
T F T T
F T F F
F F T
 Pᶺ~Q

P Q ~Q Pᶺ~Q

T T F F
T F T T
F T F F
F F T F
(P ᵥ Q)→~R
P Q R

T T T
P Q R

T T T
T T F
P Q R

T T T
T T F
T F T
P Q R

T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
P Q R

T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
P Q R

T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
P Q R

T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
P Q R ~R

T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
P Q R ~R

T T T F
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
P Q R ~R

T T T F
T T F T
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
P Q R ~R

T T T F
T T F T
T F T F
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
P Q R ~R

T T T F
T T F T
T F T F
T F F T
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
P Q R ~R

T T T F
T T F T
T F T F
T F F T
F T T F
F T F
F F T
F F F
P Q R ~R

T T T F
T T F T
T F T F
T F F T
F T T F
F T F T
F F T
F F F
P Q R ~R

T T T F
T T F T
T F T F
T F F T
F T T F
F T F T
F F T F
F F F
P Q R ~R

T T T F
T T F T
T F T F
T F F T
F T T F
F T F T
F F T F
F F F T
P Q R ~R (P v Q)

T T T F
T T F T
T F T F
T F F T
F T T F
F T F T
F F T F
F F F T
P Q R ~R (P v Q)

T T T F T
T T F T
T F T F
T F F T
F T T F
F T F T
F F T F
F F F T
P Q R ~R (P v Q)

T T T F T

T T F T T

T F T F

T F F T

F T T F

F T F T
P Q R ~R (P v Q)

T T T F T
T T F T T
T F T F T
T F F T
F T T F
F T F T
F F T F
F F F T
P Q R ~R (P v Q)

T T T F T
T T F T T
T F T F T
T F F T T
F T T F
F T F T
F F T F
F F F T
P Q R ~R (P v Q)

T T T F T
T T F T T
T F T F T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F T F T
F F T F
F F F T
P Q R ~R (P v Q)

T T T F T
T T F T T
T F T F T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F T F T T
F F T F
F F F T
P Q R ~R (P v Q)

T T T F T
T T F T T
T F T F T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F T F T T
F F T F F
F F F T
P Q R ~R (P v Q)

T T T F T
T T F T T
T F T F T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F T F T T
F F T F F
F F F T F
P Q R ~R (P v Q) (P v Q)
→~R
T T T F T
T T F T T
T F T F T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F T F T T
F F T F F
F F F T F
P Q R ~R (P v Q) (P v Q)
→~R
T T T F T F
T T F T T
T F T F T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F T F T T
F F T F F
F F F T F
P Q R ~R (P v Q) (P v Q)
→~R
T T T F T F
T T F T T T
T F T F T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F T F T T
F F T F F
F F F T F
P Q R ~R (P v Q) (P v Q)
→~R
T T T F T F
T T F T T T
T F T F T F
T F F T T
F T T F T
F T F T T
F F T F F
F F F T F
P Q R ~R (P v Q) (P v Q)
→~R
T T T F T F
T T F T T T
T F T F T F
T F F T T T
F T T F T
F T F T T
F F T F F
F F F T F
P Q R ~R (P v Q) (P v Q)
→~R
T T T F T F
T T F T T T
T F T F T F
T F F T T T
F T T F T F
F T F T T
F F T F F
F F F T F
P Q R ~R (P v Q) (P v Q)
→~R
T T T F T F
T T F T T T
T F T F T F
T F F T T T
F T T F T F
F T F T T T
F F T F F
F F F T F
P Q R ~R (P v Q) (P v Q)
→~R
T T T F T F
T T F T T T
T F T F T F
T F F T T T
F T T F T F
F T F T T T
F F T F F T
F F F T F
P Q R ~R (P v Q) (P v Q)
→~R
T T T F T F
T T F T T T
T F T F T F
T F F T T T
F T T F T F
F T F T T T
F F T F F T
F F F T F T
Thank you 