IGCSE – Physics (0625)

by
M. Saqib
 ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 Magnetic Effect Of Current (30-06-20)
 Force On Current Carrying Conductor Inside Magnetic Field (01-07-20)
 Flemings Left hand Rule (01-07-20)
 Force on a Moving Charge Inside Magnetic Field (01-07-20)
 Force on a Coil Inside Magnetic Field & DC-Motor (01-07-20)
 Electromagnetic Induction (02-07-20)
 Flemings Right Hand Rule (02-07-20)
 AC-Generator (02-07-20)
 Transformer (06-07-20)
 THE FIELD AROUND A CURRENT CARRYING WIRE

When Current passes Through a wire. A magnetic field is created

around it. This magnetic field is shown by circular magnetic field lines
in this experiment.
 The Right Hand (Thumb) Rule

When Thumb Points in the direction of current, the curl of the

fingers indicate the direction of magnetic field
 Conclusions!

1. When current passes through a wire, magnetic field is created around it.
2. Field is circular and stronger near wire and weaker as you move away.
3. Direction of magnetic field depends upon direction of current.
4. The direction can be found by right hand rule.
 THE FIELD IN A CURRENT CARRYING SOLENOID

Magnetic Field Around a Wire Magnetic Field around a flat circular coil
 A Solenoid

A solenoid consists of a wire coiled up into a spiral shape. When an electric

current flows, the solenoid acts as an electromagnet. The shape of the
magnetic field is very similar to the field of a bar magnet.

FOR A STRONGER FIELD

 Put a soft magnetic material like iron
inside the solenoid
 Pass greater amount of current
 Increase the number of turns of coils in
same length
 The Right Hand (Grip) Rule

Wrap the fingers of your right hand in the direction of current,

thumb will indicate towards the north pole.
 Conclusions!
1) Current in solenoid produces a stronger magnetic field inside
the solenoid than outside. The field lines in this region are
parallel and closely spaced showing the field is highly uniform in
strength and direction.
2) Strength of the magnetic field can be increased by:
Increasing the current in the coil
Increasing the number of coils in the solenoid
Using a soft iron core within the solenoid.
3) The direction of magnetic field depends upon the direction of
current.
4) The direction of magnetic field is found by right hand rule.
FORCE ON CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR INSIDE A MAGNETIC FIELD

FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CUNDUCTOR VIDEO LINK

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1PWnu01IQg
 Why This Force?
A current carrying wire experiences a force because the two magnetic fields,
one that of the permanent magnet and the other, because of the current,
interact with each other
FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE

 First finger in direction of

magnetic field
 Middle finger in direction of
current/positive charge
 Thumb in direction of force
 Conclusions!
 A current carrying conductor experiences a force inside a
magnetic field
 This force can be increased by
i) Increasing the current
ii) Increasing the length of conductor
iii) Increasing the strength of magnetic field
 The direction of force depends upon the direction of current &
direction of magnetic field
 Force is maximum when direction of current is perpendicular to
field & zero when direction of current is parallel to field
 The direction of force is found by Flemings Left Hand Rule
FORCE ON A MOVING CHARGE INSIDE A MAGNETIC FIELD

Fig.2
(+)

Fig.3
(-)

Fig.1
 Conclusions!
 A moving charge experiences a force inside a magnetic field
 This force can be increased by
i) Increasing the speed of charge
ii) Increasing the magnitude of charge
iii) Increasing the strength of magnetic field
 The direction of force depends upon the nature of charge (+/-) &
direction of magnetic field
 Force is maximum when direction of motion of charge is
perpendicular to field & zero when it is parallel to field
 The direction of force on positive charge is found by Flemings
Left Hand Rule, and is reverse/opposite for negative charge
FORCE ON CURRENT CARRYING COIL INSIDE A MAGNETIC FIELD

TO INCREASE THE FORCE

 Increase the number of turns
of coil
 Increase the strength of
magnetic field
 Increase the amount of
current
 DC- MOTOR
Motor is a device which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. It works on the principle that when current passes through a
conductor, it experiences a force

DC MOTOR VIDEO LINK

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_F4limaHYI
SPLIT RINGS & CARBON BRUSHES
To keep the rotation in a DC motor from reversing
every time the coil moves through the plane perpendicular
to the magnetic field, a split-ring device called a
commutator is used to reverse the current at that point.
The electrical contacts to the rotating ring are called
“carbon brushes"
TO INCREASE THE SPEED OF ROTATION OF THE COIL/MOTOR
 Increase the number of turns of coil
 Increase the strength of magnetic field
 Increase the amount of current
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1 2

3 4
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION VIDEO LINK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tC6E9J925pY
 Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction
emf is induced or current is produced when changing magnetic field lines cut
through a conductor and induced emf or current is directly proportional to the
rate at which the magnetic field lines cut the conductor/coil (Rate of change of
magnetic flux)
Lenz’s Law
The direction of induced current is such as
to appose the source (Rate of change of
magnetic flux) creating it.
FLEMINGS RIGHT HAND RULE

 First finger in the direction of

magnetic field
 Thumb in the direction of
motion/force
 Middle finger in direction of
induced current
 AC-GENERATOR
A generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into
electricity. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction

AC-GENERATOR VIDEO LINK

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQyamjPrw-U
 DOUBLING SPEED OF ROTATION

TO INCREASE OUPUT VOLTAGE

 Increase the number of turns of coil
 Rotate the coil faster
 Increase the strength of magnetic
field INCREASING TURNS OF COIL OR FIELD
 TRANSFORMER

A device used to decrease or increase output alternating voltage.

Number of turns of primary coil (Np) Number of turns of secondary coil (N s)

Input/primary voltage (Vp) Output/Secondary voltage (V s)

Input/Primary current (Ip) Output/secondary current (I s)

 Types of Transformers
STEP UP TRANSFORMER

• Increases the output voltage.

• Number of turns of primary coil are less than number of turns
of secondary coil
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

• Decreases the output voltage

• Number of turns of primary coil are greater than number of
turns of secondary coil.
 Working
 Transformer works on the principle of magnetic effect of current
(In primary coil) and electromagnetic induction (In secondary coil)

 An alternating current in primary coil produces a changing

magnetic field (both in direction and magnitude) through the soft
iron core, which also passes through the secondary coil, resulting
in induced emf in secondary coil.

 A transformer CANNOT work on direct current as changing

magnetic field is not produced to induce emf.
 Efficiency Of Transformer

For 100% efficient transformer

Power input (Primary) = Power output (Secondary)
IpVp = IsVs
Transformers are very efficient but none is 100% efficient. As
the changing magnetic field lines pass/cut through a
conductor (Iron core) current is produced in it (Lenz’s law),
resulting in heating up of iron core. These currents are called
Eddy currents.
 Power Transmission

For long distance power transmission, electricity is transmitted at high

voltage and low current
Since P = IV
At high voltage, there will be less current, resulting in less power
losses due to heat, which can be produced by the resistance of the
transmission cables.