QUARTER 2

DISCIPLINE AND
IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL
SCIENCES
The Practical Use of Social Sciences in
Addressing Social Concerns and Phenomena
Objectives:
 analyze the practical use of Social Sciences in
addressing social concerns and phenomena
 Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino
thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino
language/s and experiences:
 a. 19th Century (Andress Bonifacio, Jose Rizal, others)
(HUMSS_DIS 11-IVe-1)
 b. 20th – 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong
Pananaw, others) (HUMSS_DIS 11-IVf-3)
Let Us Try
Identify who is being described
in each sentence. Write your
answers in the blank provided
before each number.
Analyze the picture and answer the questions in
the blank provided.

a. How does your environment affect your life?

b. Why do you think this phenomenon happen?

Important Thinkers of the Revolutionary Period

JOSE RIZAL (REFORMIST)

(1861–1996)
JOSE RIZAL
 The most influential figure of the
Revolutionary period was Jose Rizal
 penned two of his most important works
Noli Me Tangere (1887)
El Filibusterismo (1891)
 claimed that the form of revolution that the
Philippines needed to go through is that of
intellectual revolution
JOSE RIZAL
 Believed that every Filipino should be
educated well on the concepts and
exercise of freedom and it can only be
attained by educating the masses of the
truth – a truth that is based on science and
rational thinking, and non from the morality-
based education provided by the Church.
Important Thinkers of the Revolutionary Period

ANDRES BONIFACIO (1863 – 1897)

ANDRES BONIFACIO
 a member of the Liga , founded by Rizal
 Bonifacio is the founder of the revolutionary society,
Katipunan
 “a man’s worth is not measured by his stations in life
either by the height of his nose nor the fairness of skin,
and certainly not by whether he is a priest claiming to be
God’s deputy. Even if he is a tribesman from the hills and
speaks only his own tongue, a man is an honorable man if
he possesses good character, is true to his word, has fine
perceptions, and is loyal to his native land.”
Important Thinkers of the Revolutionary Period

APOLINARIO MABINI (1864 – 1903)

APOLINARIO MABINI
 the “Sublime Paralytic” and the “Brains of the
Revolution.”
 Mabini was born to an illiterate farmer and
market vendor with seven other children in
Tanauan, Batangas
 he received scholarships and part-time jobs
teaching children, which allowed him to complete
a bachelor of Arts degree at the Colegio de San
Juan de Letran and a Bachelor of Laws at UST.
APOLINARIO MABINI
 In 1895, was struck with polio and lost the
capacity of his lower limbs.
 most influential writings:
El Verdadero Decálogo (The True Decalogue)
Ordenanza de la Revolución (The Ordinance
of the Revolution)
 Believed “humans are naturally good “
APOLINARIO MABINI
 “True liberty is only for what is good and
never for what is evil; it is always in
accordance with reason and the upright
and honest conscience of the individual.”
 distinguished “reason” as a key element in
the citizens’ participation in political life
APOLINARIO MABINI
 It is also the same element that should
guide revolutions because without reason,
such movement will be mere futile, if not
disastrous for the society. It is clearly
synonymous with Rizal’s call of reliance on
the “Truth.”
Important Thinkers of the Revolutionary Period

VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ (1942 -1994)

VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ
 considered the Father of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino (Filipino psychology)
Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a scientific study
derived from the experience, ideas, and
cultural orientation of the Filipinos (Yacat
2013).
○ or Indigenous Filipino Psychology, is also
known as Kapwa’s Psychology
Kapwa Psychology
 draws from folk practices as much as from
modern theory
 perceives no contradiction between
indigenous folk beliefs and modern
psychological concepts and scientific norms
 includes in its study the IKSP of healing from
the Babaylan and Albolaryos (native shamans
and healers)
Kapwa Psychology
 implies a call for social action
 Scholars and students are encouraged
to go to the villages to learn from the
people and in turn, serve them with the
gain knowledge.
 Kapwa
Psychology
Core Values or Kapwa (Togetherness)
 Two categories of kapwa:
1. Ibang Tao (outsider)
• Pakikitungo: civility
• Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing
• Pakikilahok: act of joining
• Pakikibagay: act of conformity
• Pakikisama: Being united with the group
Examples of Filipino Values:
 Hospitality - the friendly and generous
reception and entertainment of guests,
visitors, or strangers
 Utang na loob – debt of gratitude.
 Bahala na – fatalism or determination
and being a risk taker. Bahala na ang
Diyos (God will take care of us)
Core Values or Kapwa (Togetherness)
Two categories of kapwa:
2. Hindi Ibang Tao (insider/one-of-us)
Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: Act of mutual
trust
Pakikisangkot: Act of joining others
Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others
Pivotal interpersonal Value
 Another significant Filipino value is that
of pakikiramdam (shared inner
perception), which is considered as the
pivotal interpersonal value. Within this
value, Filipinos use their inner
perception of the other’s emotion in
order to interact with them efficiently.
Linking Socio-personal Values
 our practice of pakikipagkapwa is that of
kagandahang loob (shared humanity), in which
this value shows an act of charity toward
others.
 The practice of bayanihan or community-based
action entails the participation of the community
on a task that is meant to improve the quality of
life and livelihood of the members of the locality
Accommodative Surface Values
 The bayanihan or any form of
kagandahang loob is always framed within
another set of Filipino values, labeled as
accommodative surface values. These
values include hiya (propriety/dignity),
utang na loob (debt of gratitude), and
pakikisama (esteem/companionship).
Confrontative Surface Values
 Confrontative surface values that
Filipinos exhibited especially when
confronted by difficult situation these
include bahala na (determination), lakas
ng loob (guts/courage), and pakikibaka
(resistance).
Societal Values
 Filipinos also hold societal values, which he called
pagpapahalagang panlipunan.
 These values include karangalan (honor), katarungan
(justice), and kalayaan (freedom), which are essential to
the preservation of Filipino societal order and harmony.
 Moreover, these values shape a psychological unity
among Filipino communities as they build a common
perception of moral obligation to other community who
are considered members as kapwa.
Important Thinkers of the Revolutionary Period

Zeus A. Salazar (1934 – Present)

Zeus A. Salazar
 one of the Filipino scholars who were trained
and whose methods were derived from the
West, and he argued for a shift in
perspective.
 developed his lifelong crusade for a
nationalist brand of history that became a
staple perspective for the next generation of
history students, the pantayong pananaw.
Key Arguments of the Pantayong Pananaw
 The primary argument of the pantayong
pananaw is the need to reorient
contemporary historians on the “right”
way of reconstructing the past based on
who is talking for whom, with whom, and
to whom
According to Salazar, there are three perspectives by
which Philippine history was and is being written.

1. Pangkayong Pananaw (from-you-for-us)

This perspective is used by Western
historians – who used their own cultural
background and their countries’ politico-
economic agenda – in framing the events
that transpired in our country.
According to Salazar, there are three perspectives by
which Philippine history was and is being written.
2. Pangkaming Pananaw (from-us-for-you)
 The “pangkaming” perspective launched works on
the Philippines made by Filipinos for Western
consumption.
 It is used when a native talk to outsiders or
foreigners regarding his or her own society and
culture.
 The main goal of the pangkaming pananaw is to
correct the erroneous Western analysis of the
Philippine context.
According to Salazar, there are three perspectives by
which Philippine history was and is being written.
3. Pantayong Pananaw (from-us-for-us)
 Philippine history should be written and consumed
primarily by Filipinos.
 To achieve this goal, a key element needs to be
addressed – using the Filipino language in
transmitting knowledge.
 All its members use concepts and manifest habits
and behaviors whose meanings can be understood
by all, like when we say “We Filipinos” (Tayong mga
Pilipino),
Local Language for Discourse
According to Salazar, Philippine history should be
written in the local language or dialect for two
important reasons:
 First, the local terms, when transposed to
Western language, lose their actual meanings
and historical significance.
 Second, our history should be discussed among
ourselves and not for the others. The use of local
language characterizes the pantayong pananaw.
Local Language for Discourse
 Salazar urged the Filipino nation to have a talastasang
bayan oriented toward discussion of Philippine history for
the Filipinos and by the Filipinos.
 Our forefathers provided us a corpus of academic studies
that served to teach and inspire. Their studies is
considered as the basis of Philippine Social Science, which
was not detached from reality and applied to the needs and
conditions of their times.
 Social Science, was about revealing the nature of social
reality. It implied that there were things to do in order to
correct or improve people’s current material condition and
consciousness. -Salazar
Let Us Practice: Option A
Instructions: Make a poem based on the
indigenous concepts. Choose only one (1) from the
concepts below. You may use the local language.
 1. Utang na loob
 2. Pakikisama/Pakikisalamuha
 3. Bayanihan
 4. Hiya
 5. Pagdamay
Rubrics for the poem
Let Us Practice: Option A
Instructions: Make a comic strip based on the
indigenous concepts. Choose only one (1) from
the concepts below. Use only the local language.
 1. Utang na loob
 2. Pakikisama/Pakikisalamuha
 3. Bayanihan
 4. Hiya
 5. Pagdamay
Rubrics for the poem