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CH 4 Investment Appraisal
CH 4 Investment Appraisal
Investment Appraisal
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Chapter Outline
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Introduction
The managers of all businesses will find themselves
faced, from time to time, by Capital Investment
decisions.
• Capital investment decisions have direct effect on
future profitability --- increase in efficiency and
reduction in costs.
• Proper evaluation of Capital expenditure projects is
important before taking ‘go ahead’ decision.
• Capital expenditures differ from revenue
expenditures as they involve bigger outlay of money
and benefit will accrue over a long period of time.
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Cont…
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Cont…
Project Classifications
1. Replacement of equipment: Maintenance of
business
2. Replacement of equipment: Cost reduction
3. Expansion of existing products / markets
4. Expansion into new products / markets
5. Safety and other environmental projects
6. Research and development (R&D)
7. Long term contracts
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(A) Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)
• A.K.A return on investment (ROI) method.
The accounting rate of return method of appraising a
capital project is to estimate the accounting rate of
return or return on investment that project should
yield.
If it exceeds a target rate of return, the project will
be undertaken.
Unfortunately, there are several different definitions of
“return on investment”. One of the most popular is as
follows:
ARR = Estimated average profit X 100 %
Estimated average investment
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Cont…
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Cont…
Example:
A company has a target accounting rate of return of 20 %
and is now considering the following project:
Capital Cost of the Asset Br.80,000
Estimated life of the asset 4 years
Estimated profit before depreciation
Year 1 Br.20,000
Year 2 25,000
Year 3 35,000
Year 4 25,000
The capital asset would be depreciated by 25 % of its cost each year, and
will have no residual value.
Question: Should the project be undertaken?
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Cont…
Solution:
The annual profits after depreciation, and mid-year
net book value of the asset, would be as follows:
Profit after Mid-year net ARR in
Year depreciation book value the year %
1 0 70,000 0
2 5,000 50,000 10
3 15,000 30,000 50
4 5,000 10,000 50
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Cont…
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Cont…
Solution:
Project P
Year 0 ( 60,000)
Year 1 20,000
Year 2 30,000
Year 3 40,000 only 10,000 more
required in 3rd year
There fore Project P’s pay back period is about one
quarter of the way through year 3 i.e., 2.25 years.
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Cont…
Project Q
Year 0 (60,000)
Year 1 50,000
Year 2 20,000 only 10,000 more
required in 2nd year
There fore Project Q’s pay back period is about Half
way through year 2 i.e., 1.5 years.
Using pay back period alone to judge the Capital
investment projects, project Q would be preferred.
But the returns from project P over its life are much
higher than the returns from project Q.
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(C) Discounted Cash Flow
• The ARR method of project valuation ignores the
timing of cash flows and the opportunity cost of
capital tied up. Pay back considers the time it takes
to recover the original investment cost, but ignores
total profits over a project’s life.
• Discounted cash flow, or DCF for short, is an
investment appraisal technique which takes into
account both the time value of money and also the
profitability over a project’s life.
• DCF is therefore superior to both ARR and pay back
as method of investment appraisal.
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Cont…
(i) Discounted Payback period
Some Companies use a variant of the regular
payback, the Discounted payback period, which
is similar to regular payback period except that
the expected cash flows are discounted by the
project’s cost of capital.
By Discounted pay back period we mean the
number of years required to recover the
Investment from discounted net cash flows.
Each cash inflow is divided by (1+r)t
Where t= year in which cash flow occurs
r = project’s cost of capital
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Cont…
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Procedure:
1. Find the present value of each cash flow, including
all inflows and outflows, discounted at the
project’s cost of capital.
2. Sum these discounted cash flows; this sum is
defined as the project’s NPV.
3. If the NPV is positive, the project should be
accepted, while if the NPV is negative, it should be
rejected. If two projects with positive NPV’s are
mutually exclusive, the one with higher NPV
should be chosen.
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Cont…
Where:
CF1, 2…= Expected net cash flow at period 1, 2…,
respectively,
r = the project’s cost of capital, and
N = life of the project.
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Example: NPV appraisal method Cont…
0 r=10% 1 2 3 4
Cash flows -1000 500 400 300 100
In Br. 454.55
330.58
225.39
68.30
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Cont…
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Cont…
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Cont…
c. When You Need to Compare Mutually Exclusive Projects?
Rule: “In a situation where there is no budget constraint but a
project must be chosen from mutually exclusive alternatives, we
should always choose the alternative that generates the
largest net present value”
Example: Assume that we must make a choice between the
following three mutually exclusive projects:
Project I: PV costs $1.0 million, NPV $300,000
Project J: PV costs $4.0 million, NPV $700,000
Project K: PV costs $1.5 million, NPV $600,000
Result: Project J should be chosen because it has the largest
NPV.
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Cont…
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Cont…
Example of IRR:
0 IRR? 1 2 3 4
Cash flows -1000 500 400 300 100
NPV 0
IRR = 14.5 % , In case if the cost of capital is < 14.5 % then the project
should be accepted.
N:B You may apply the Interpolation Technique to determine the IRR.
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Cont…
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(D) Benefit-cost Ratio or Profitability Index
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Cont…
Basic rule:
If benefit-cost ratio (R) >1, then the project should
be undertaken.
Problems?
Sometimes it is not possible to rank projects with Pi:
• Mutually exclusive projects of different sizes
Not necessarily true that RA>RB that project “A” is better.
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Cont…
-The Benefit-Cost Ratio Does Not Adjust for Mutually Exclusive Projects of
Different Sizes.
For example:
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Cont…
Sensitivity Analysis:
Shows how changes in a variable such as unit sales
affect NPV or IRR.
Each variable is fixed except one. Change this one
variable to see the effect on NPV or IRR.
Answers “what if” questions, e.g. “What if sales
decline by 30%?”
Identifies dangerous variables.
Ignores relationships among variables.
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Cont…
Scenario Analysis:
Examines several possible situations, usually worst
case, most likely case, and best case.
Provides a range of possible outcomes.
Assumes that inputs are perfectly correlated--all
“bad” values occur together and all “good” values
occur together.
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‘’
Chapter end questions
1. What is capital budgeting? Why is it significant for a firm?
3. ‘‘If a firm has excess capital, it could invest in all acceptable projects.’’ Do
you agree with this statement? Justify your position.
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Exercise 4.1
Selam Ltd wants to buy a new item of equipment, which will be used to provide
service to customers of the company. Two models of equipments are available in the
market, one with slightly higher capacity and greater reliability than the other. The
expected cost and profits of each item are as follows:
Equipment item Equipment item
X Y
Capital Cost Br.80,000 Br.150,000
Life 5 years 5 years
Profits before depreciation
Year 1 50,000 50,000
Year 2 50,000 50,000
Year 3 30,000 60,000
Year 4 20,000 60,000
Year 5 10,000 60,000
Disposal value 0 0
ARR is measured as the average annual profit after depreciation, divided by the
average net book value of the assets. Which item of the equipment should be
selected, if any , if the company’s target ARR is 30 % ?
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Exercise 4.2
• Instructions:
• A. Calculate each project’s payback period.
• B. Calculate the NPV for each project.
• C. Compute the IRR for each project.
• D. Summarize the preferences dictated by each
measure, and indicate which project you would
recommend. Explain why.
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• End of chapter Notes!
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