Power Systems Protection, 8th Semester

Lecture # 3
Relay and its functionality

Engr. Muhammad Usama

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 Topics to be Covered

 Relay Operating Principles

 Fault Detection
 Relay Design Fuses
 Electromagnetic Relay

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 Primary and Backup Protection

• The purpose of PSP is to detect faults or abnormal operating conditions, relays must
be able to evaluate a wide variety of parameters to establish that corrective action is
required.

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 Example 1.4

Duplicate

Bu & Slower than R1

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Example #2

Example 1.4

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Maloperation Case

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 Single- and Three-Phase Tripping and Reclosing

• The prevailing practice in the United States is to trip all three phases of the faulted power
system element for all types of fault.
• In several EU and Asian countries, to trip only the faulted phase for a phase-to-ground fault,
and to trip all three phases for all multiphase faults on transmission lines.
• Temporary faults are commonly occurred and after tripping they are returned to its normal
state when CB gets close. Reclosing can be manual. (Previous Practices) now by SCADA.
• Following steps need to be checked for automatic reclosing by proper interlock t prevent
unsafe, damaging or undesirable reclosing
– Voltage Check ( Terminal voltage and in case of Tr HV side) (Thus, if a reclosing
operation is likely to energize that transformer, it would be good to check that the CB
on the low-voltage side is closed only if the transformer is already energized)
– Synchronizing Check ( When to energize an equipment from both sides. ( then check
the phases also and reclosing CB are in synchronism) ( All ok then verify phase angles)
(For unsynchronized System, and the closing of the CB is going to synchronize the two
systems, it is necessary to monitor the phasors of the voltages on the two sides of the
reclosing CB and close the breaker as the phasors approach each other .
– Equipment Check : This check is to ensure that some piece of equipment is not
energized
inadvertently 8
 Elements of a Protection System
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Single- and Three-Phase Tripping and Reclosing
Battery and DC Supply
• Circuit Breakers

Consult Book

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END

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