PROTEIN

SYNTHESIS
Explain how the
protein is made using
information from DNA
(S10LT-IIIf-39)
How Important is
a blueprint
Who discovered DNA?
 It was discovered in 1869 by Swiss researcher
Friedrich Miescher, who was originally
trying to study the composition of lymphoid
cells (white blood cells).
 James Watson and Francis Crick, who
actually just furthered Miescher’s discovery
with their own groundbreaking research
nearly 100 years later. They discovered DNA’s
double helix, or spiraling, intertwined
structure, which is fundamental to our
current understanding of DNA as a whole.
DNA  (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a nucleic acid and
one of the four major groups of biological
macromolecules.
 All nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides.
Each of the nucleotide in the DNA is made up of
three important parts: a 5-carbon sugar known
as deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base.
 There are four kinds of nitrogenous bases
found in DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G) cytosine
The structure of
DNA
(C), and thymine (T).
  is a molecule similar to Different types of RNA:
RNA DNA.  mRNA (messenger
RNA)
 Unlike DNA, RNA is
Brings information from
single-stranded. the DNA in the nucleus to
 An RNA strand has a the cytoplasm.
backbone made of  rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
alternating sugar (ribose) Hold tightly into the
and phosphate groups. mRNA using its
information to assemble
Attached to each sugar is the amino acids in correct
one of four bases--adenine order.
(A), uracil (U), cytosine  tRNA (transfer RNA)
(C), or guanine (G). Supplies amino acids to the
ribosome to be assembled
Three Main Types of RNA

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Difference between DNA and RNA?
Structure of RNA versus DNA

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Overview of Protein Synthesis

 DNA is located in the nucleus

 Proteins are made in the cytoplasm
 RNA is the intermediate between the DNA code
and the actual synthesis of a protein
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Protein Synthesis -The “Stuff of Life”
 Proteins

 Proteins are the “workhorse” molecule found in

organisms.
 The blue print for proteins is coded in the DNA of
the organism.
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Uses of Proteins

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History

 1909 Archibald Gerrod suggested that

genes determine phenotype through
defective enzymes controlling biochemical
pathways.
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 Work of Beadle and Tatum

 George Beadle and Edward Tatum established

the link between genes and enzymes in studying
bread mold, Neurospora crassa.
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From DNA to Protein
 DNA
REPLICATION
Step 1. An enzyme
known as Helicase
breaks the bond
between nitrogenous
bases. The two
strands of DNA split.
 DNA
REPLICATION
Step 2. The
nucleotides that are
freely found in the
cytoplasm will pair
and attached to the
bases of each strand
in the DNA.
 DNA
REPLICATION
Step 3. The complementary
nucleotides in the DNA are
added to each strand by an
enzyme polymerase to form
new strands. And will
resulted to the creation of
new DNA strand each with a
parent strand and new
strand.
 DNA REPLICATION

DNA Replication
TRANSCRIPTION
is the first step in gene
expression and in sequencing to
make RNA molecule and it
involves copying a gene’s
DNA. There are three
identified stages of
transcription: initiation,
elongation, and termination.
And is controlled separately
for each gene in your genome.
 TRANSCRIPTION

Step 1. Ribonucleic Acid

(RNA) polymerase enzyme
binds and opens the DNA
molecule that will
be transcribed.
 TRANSCRIPTION
Step 2. As the DNA molecule
opens, the RNA polymerase slides
along the DNA strands and links
free RNA nucleotides that will pair
with the nitrogenous bases of the
complementary sequence of DNA
strand. Hence, if the DNA sequence
strand were CCG TTA CAT, the
complimentary sequence of bases
on the RNA strand would be GGC
AAU GUA.
 TRANSCRIPTION
Step 3. When the base-
pairing process is completed,
the RNA molecule will break
away as the DNA strands
rejoins. The RNA will then
leave the nucleus and goes to
the cytoplasm.
TRANSLATION
the last stage in gene expression, when genetic
information is used to create amino acids it will
leads to the production of proteins. There are
three-base code in the mRNA known as codon.
The tRNA attaches to the mRNA inside the
ribosome. It acts as an interpreter, the bases on
the tRNA, called anticodon, that “read and
translate” the message by pairing an equivalent
three-letter code to the codons of the mRNA.
Step 1. As translation begins,
mRNA (messenger RNA) binds to
a ribosome. Then, the molecules of
tRNA (transfer RNA) that carries
a series of specific amino acid,
approach the ribosome.The
anticodon of tRNA will pair with
the first mRNA (start) codon
arginine-uracil-guanine (AUG), to
form the initiation complex. The
two molecules temporarily join
together
Step 2. AUG, the first codon on
mRNA, which codes for the amino
acid methionine usually signals
the start of protein synthesis.
Then, the ribosomes located into
the cytoplasm, slides along
the mRNA until it reaches to the
next codon.
Step 3. The new molecule of
tRNA will carry an amino acid
and then pairs with the second
mRNA
codon
Step 4. In the event when the first
and second amino acids are in
place, the specific enzyme will
then join the amino acids by
forming a peptide bond between
them.
Step 5. As the process of
translation continues, a series of
chain of amino acids are formed
until the ribosome reaches a stop
codon (e.g., UAA, UAG, UGA) on
the mRNA strand. The
polypeptide chain is released.
Protein synthesis is complete.

Transcription and
Translation From DNA to Protein
Genetic Code
 Amino acids are
coded for by a
triplet of DNA
nucleotides
called a codon.

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 Genetic Code
 Marshall Nirenberg and
Heinrich Matthaei determined
the first codon for an amino
acid. It was found that UUU
coded for the amino acid
phenylalanine by creating
mRNA entirely of uracil. The
mRNA
(UUU..UUU….) added it to a test tube with amino acids,
ribosomes, RNA polymerase and other needed materials. It
resulted in a protein made of only phenylalanine. Further
research determined the rest of the code.

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Genetic Code
 The code has redundancy
(GGU, GGC, GGA, and GGG);
all code for the amino acid
glycine.
 Each codon only codes for one
amino acid.
 The code is a universal code
meaning almost all cells use
the same code. A eukaryotic
gene can be expressed in a
prokaryotic cell.
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 Specifying or Coding for a Polypeptide

This gene designates that the following peptide chain be made with the amino
acids in this particular order.

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 DNA Base Code AAAGCGCCCTTT
DNA Base Code (Pair) TTTCGCGGGAAA
Codon AAAGCGCCCUUU
Anticodon UUUCGCGGGAAA
Amino acids Lys-Ala-Pro-Phe