Isolation Precautions

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 Isolation Techniques 1

Isolation Precautions
Topic Overview
1. Definition
2. Body Substance Isolation (BSI) System
3. CDC (HICPAC) Isolation Precautions
4. Compromised Patient
5. Isolation Practices
6. Summary
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 Isolation Techniques
Isolation Precautions
• refers to measures designed to prevent the spread of
infections or potentially infectious microorganisms to health
personnel, patients ,and visitors.
• various infection control measures are used to decrease the
risk of transmission of microorganisms in hospitals .

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 Isolation Techniques

The two systems of Isolation Precautions

Isolations precaution guidelines that allowed
health facilities to choose between systems :
• Category –specific isolation precautions
• Diseases-specific isolation precautions.
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 Isolation Techniques

Category-specific isolation precautions

Based on these categories:
• strict isolation
• contact isolation
• respiratory isolation
• COVID isolation
• tuberculosis isolation
• enteric precautions
• drainage/secretions precautions
• blood/bloody precautions. 5
 Isolation Techniques

Disease-specific isolation precautions

Provide precautions for specific diseases:
• These precautions delineated use of private rooms with
special ventilation
• Patients share a room with other clients infected with the
same organism ,and gowning
• To prevent gross soilage of clothes for specific infection
diseases 6
 Isolation Techniques

Body substance isolation (BSI) system

Employs generic infection control precautions for
all patients except those with few disease
transmitted through the air.

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Body substance isolation (BSI)

-based on three premises:
1. All people have an increased risk for infection.
2. All people are likely to have potentially infectious
microorganisms.
3. An unknown portion of clients and health care workers will
always be colonized or infected.

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 Isolation Techniques
Isolation Precautions
CDC (HICPAC) Isolation Precautions
The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)
of the CDC(Center for Disease Control) presented guidelines for isolation
precautions in hospitals.
These guidelines designate two tiers precautions:
Tier 1: Standard Precautions
Tier 2: Transmission-Based Precautions
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 Isolation Techniques

CDC (HICPAC) Isolation Precautions

Tier 1: Standard Precautions
• These precautions are used in the care of all hospitalized
persons.
• They apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions, and
excretions.

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CDC (HICPAC) Isolation Precautions

Tier 2: Transmission - Based Precautions
These precautions are used in addition to Standard Precautions for
clients with known or suspected infections that are spread in one
or three ways: by airborne or droplet infection, or by contact.

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 Isolation Techniques
CDC (HICPAC) Isolation Precautions

The three types of Transmission-Based Precautions

1.Airborne Precautions
2.Droplet Precautions
3.Contact Precautions

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 Isolation Techniques

The three types of Transmission-Based Precautions

1.Airborne Precautions
-are used for clients known to have or suspected of
having serious illness transmitted by airborne droplet
nuclei smaller than 5 microns.
Examples:
• COVID(approx. 0.125 microns)
• Measles
• Tuberculosis 13
 Isolation Techniques

The three types of Transmission-Based Precautions

2. Droplet Precautions
-are used for patients known or suspected to have serious
illness transmitted by particle droplets larger than 5
microns.

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 Isolation Techniques

The three types of Transmission-Based Precautions

2. Droplet Precautions
Examples :
• COVID!(exception to the rule) • Scarlet fever in infants and
• Diphteria young children
• Pneumonia • Pneumonic plague
• Pertussis • Pneumonia
• Mumps • Rubella

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The three types of Transmission-Based Precautions

3. Contact Precautions
-are used for patients known or suspected to have serious
illnesses easily transmitted by direct patient contact or by
contact with items in the patient’s environment .

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 Isolation Techniques
The three types of Transmission-Based Precautions
3. Contact Precautions
Example: • Enteric infections
• COVID • Herpes simplex virus
• Gastrointestinal infections • Impetigo
• Respiratory Infections • Pediculosis
• Skin or wound infections • Scabies

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Compromised Patients
• patients highly susceptible to infection
• are often infected by their own microorganisms, by microorganisms
on the inadequately washed hands of health personnel, and by
nonsterile items.
Patients who are severely compromised:
• Have diseases such as leukemia
• Have extensive skin impairments
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 Isolation Techniques

Isolation Practices
1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
2. Disposal of Soiled Equipment and Supplies
3. Transporting Patients with Infections
4. Psychosocial Needs of Isolation Patients
5. Sterile Technique/Sterile Field
6. Reverse Isolation Technique
7. Role of the Infection Control Nurse 19
 Isolation Techniques
Isolation Practices
General nursing responsibility-initiation of practices to
prevent the transmission of microorganisms.
1. Use of aseptic technique
2. Handle needles and syringes carefully
3. Check all sterile supplies
4. Prevent urinary infections
5. Implement measures to prevent impaired skin integrity.
6. Implement measures to prevent accumulation of secretions in
the lungs.
7. etc… 20
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Isolation Practices
1. Personal Protective Equipment
a) Gloves
b) Gowns
c) Face Masks
d) Eyewear
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Isolation Practices
2. Disposal Of Soiled Equipment and Supplies
a) Bagging
b) Linens
c) Laboratory specimens
d) Dishes
e) Blood pressure equipment
f) Thermometers
g) Disposable needles, syringes, and sharps 22
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Isolation Practices
3. Transporting Clients with Infections
The nurse implements appropriate precautions
and measures to prevent soilage of the
environment.

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Isolation Practices
4. Psychosocial Needs of Isolation Patients
2 Most Common Problems:
1. Sensory deprivation
2. Decreased self-esteem Inferiority complex

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 Isolation Techniques
Isolation Practices
4. Psychosocial Needs of Isolation Patients
2 Most Common Problems: Nursing Interventions
1. Assess
2. Initiates measures to help meet the need
3. Explain the infection and the associated procedure
4. Demonstrate warm, accepting behavior
5. Do not use stricter precautions
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 Isolation Techniques
Isolation Precautions
Isolation Practices
5. Sterile Technique/Sterile Field
Sterile Technique –an object is sterile only when it is
free of all microorganisms.
Sterile Field-is a microorganism-free area

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Isolation Practices
6. Reverse Isolation Technique
Reverse Isolation refers to the practice of
healthcare workers and visitors wearing barriers
(i.e.,, gown, gloves, mask, etc.) routinely upon
entry to the client room, for the purpose
of preventing client exposure to external
microbes. 27
 Isolation Practices
7. Role of the Infection Control Nurse
The nurse is specially trained to be knowledgeable about
the latest research and practices in preventing, detecting,
and treating infections.

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 Summary of the Recommended Isolations Precautions in Hospitals
Standard Precautions (Tier One) Droplet Precautions
1. Wash hands 1. Place patient in a room
2. Wear gloves 2. Private room N/A ,patient together
3. Wear a mask in a room
4. Wear a gown 3. Wear a mask
5. Handle patient equipment 4. Limit movement of patient
6. Handle,transport,process linen
7. Prevent injuries Contact Precautions
Transmission -Based Precautions (TierTwo) 1. Place patient in a private room
Airborne Precautions 2. Private room N/A ,patient
1. Place patient in a private room together in a room
2. Private room N/A ,patient together in a room 3. Wear gloves
3. Wear a respiratory device 4. Wear a gown
4. Susceptible person should not enter the room 5. Limit movement
5. Limit movement of patient outside the room 6. Handle pt care equipment
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 Lecture Highlight
“Effective control of infectious disease is an
international,national,community,and
individual responsibility”
 Thank you!

References:
Brunner and Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing 14th Edition
Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts,Processes,and Practice 7TH Edition
https//:medical-dictionary.thefreedictioanary.com