Unit - III

Supervised Learning

Introduction to Machine Learning

 Machine learning (ML)
• Branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables
computers to “self-learn” from training data
and improve over time, without being explicitly
programmed.
• To detect patterns in data and learn from them,
in order to make their own predictions.
• An automated process that enables machines
to solve problems with little or no human input,
and take actions based on past observations.
 Why ML?
• Rapid increment in the production of data
• Solving complex problems, which are difficult
for a human
• Decision making in various sector including
finance
• Finding hidden patterns and extracting useful
information from data.
 Features of Machine Learning

• Machine learning uses data to detect various

patterns in a given dataset.
• It can learn from past data and improve
automatically.
• It is a data-driven technology.
• Machine learning is much similar to data
mining as it also deals with the huge amount
of the data.
 Supervised learning
• Sample labeled data are provided to the
machine learning system for training, and the
system then predicts the output based on the
training data.
• The mapping of the input data to the output
data is the objective of supervised learning.
How Supervised Learning Works?
 Steps Involved in Supervised Learning
• First Determine the type of training dataset
• Collect/Gather the labelled training data.
• Split the training dataset into training dataset, test dataset,
and validation dataset.
• Determine the input features of the training dataset, which
should have enough knowledge so that the model can
accurately predict the output.
• Determine the suitable algorithm for the model, such as
support vector machine, decision tree, etc.
• Execute the algorithm on the training dataset.
• Evaluate the accuracy of the model by providing the test set. If
the model predicts the correct output, which means our model
is accurate.
 Two types of Supervised learning
• Classification: It predicts the class of the dataset
based on the independent input variable. Class
is the categorical or discrete values. like the
image of an animal is a cat or dog?
• Regression: It predicts the continuous output
variables based on the independent input
variable. like the prediction of house prices
based on different parameters like house age,
distance from the main road, location, area, etc.
 Regression Model
Least Squares Method

• The least squares method is a form of

mathematical regression analysis used to
determine the line of best fit for a set of data,
providing a visual demonstration of the
relationship between the data points.
• Each point of data represents the relationship
between a known independent variable and
an unknown dependent variable.
b = - 0.828571
 Multiple Regression

• Linear regression examines the relationship

between one predictor and an outcome, while
multiple regression delves into how several
predictors influence that outcome.
• Both are essential tools in predictive analytics,
but knowing their differences ensures
effective and accurate modelling.
https://www.shiksha.com/online-courses/articles/linear-and-multiple-regression/