Data Communication &

Networking
Prepared by: Mr Yumba
TCP/IP MODEL
• Def: Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
• TCP/IP was designed by the Department of Defense (DoD)
• TCP/IP has 4 layers.
Protocols of the TCP/IP model
• Process/Application: Telnet, FTP, SMTP, HTTP, SNMP, etc.
• Host To Host: TCP, UDP
• Internet: IP, ICMP, ARP, RARP, BootP, etc.
• Network Access: Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, etc.
Transport Layer Protocol
• TCP
• Connection oriented network
• Application

• UDP
• Connectionless oriented network
• Application
Internet Layer Protocol
• Internet
• ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol
• IP: Internet Protocol
• Ipsec: Internet Protocol Security
• IPNat: interfacing the inside network to the outside network (the Internet)
• Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP):is used to identify the relationships between different
neighboring devices in an IPv6 network
• Routing
• RIP:Routing Information Protocol in which distance vector routing protocol is used for data/packet
transmission. In the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), the maximum number of Hop is 15, because
it prevents routing loops from source to destination.
• OSPF:Open Shortest Path First is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), where routers connect networks
using the Internet Protocol (IP). It is a router protocol which is used to find the best path for packets
when they are passing through the set of connected networks simultaneously. The main
disadvantage of OSPF is that it is difficult than other protocols.
Network Access Protocol
• ARP: Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol or procedure that
connects an ever-changing Internet Protocol (IP) address to a fixed
physical machine address, also known as a media access control (MAC)
address, in a local-area network (LAN).
• PPP: Point - to - Point Protocol (PPP) is a communication protocol of the
data link layer that is used to transmit multiprotocol data between two
directly connected (point-to-point) computers.
• Frame Relay:Frame Relay is a packet-switching network protocol that is
designed to work at the data link layer of the network. It is used to
connect Local Area Networks (LANs) and transmit data across Wide
Area Networks (WANs).
Differentiating between OSI and TCP/IP
models
• Differences
• Similarities
Switching and Routing Techniques
• Switching
• Packet switch: Packet switching is a method of data transmission whereby the
data is divided in packets. Each packet is given a header containing
information of the destination. Each packet is forwarded separately over the
network via the most optimum route to the destination using the header
informatnion. At the destination the data packets are reassembled. Packet
switching is used in the internet and most local area networks.
• Circuit switching: In circuit switching network resources (bandwidth)
are divided into pieces and bit delay is constant during a connection.
The dedicated path/circuit established between sender and receiver
provides a guaranteed data rate. Data can be transmitted without any
delays once the circuit is established.
• Telephone system network is one of the example of Circuit switching.
Routing
• IP Routing: IP routing is the process of sending packets from a host on
one network to another host on a different remote network. This
process is usually done by routers. Routers examine the destination IP
address of a packet, determine the next-hop address, and forward the
packet. Routers use routing tables to determine the next hop address
to which the packet should be forwarded.
Protocols and Port number
• http: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (80 & 8080)
• https: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure over SSL/TLS (443)
• Smtp: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (25)
• ftp: File Transfer Protocol (21)
• Dns: Domain Name System (53)
• Dhcp: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (67,68)
• Imap: Internet Message Protocol (143)
• Ssl: Secure Socket Layer
• SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol(161 for TCP, 162 for UDP)
• Pop3: Post Office Protocol v3 (110)
Network Topologies
• There are two kinds of computer network topologies: physical and
logical.
• Physical topology: This is one of the types of network topology that provides
the layout of computer cables and other network devices.
• Logical topology: This topology provides information about the physical
design of a network.
Examples of network topologies
• Star
• Ring
• Bus
• Tree
• Mesh topology
• Hybrid