Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Identify and describe the different parts of a

research paper.
2. Understand the purpose of each part and
how they fit together to form a complete
research paper.
3. Apply your knowledge of the parts of a
research paper to your own writing.
What words can you associate with the word RESEARCH?

RESEARCH
THINK!

a. Why are students required to write and submit

a research paper?
b. What do students gain from doing research?
c. What are the steps in writing a research paper?
 WHAT IS
RESEARCH?
RESEARCH

is a systematic study or investigation of “the effort to find new information.” It

something for the purpose of answering always proceeds from known to the
questions posed by the researcher. unknown. Its main purpose is the
discovery of truth.
 the scientific investigation of
phenomena which includes the
collection, presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of facts that link
an individual’s speculation with
reality.

RESEARCH
is the systematic study of trend or
event which involves careful
collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of quantitative data or
facts that relate man’s thinking with
reality.
■ After a thorough
investigation of
something has been
made, the
researcher gives a
factual presentation
of his findings in a
research paper.
CHARACTERISTIC
S OF A RESEARCH
PROBLEM
SMART
Specific

■ The problem should be

specifically stated.
■ For example, for descriptive
research, “What are the
factors that influence
teenagers to smoke?”
Measurable

■ It is easy to measure by using

research instruments, apparatus,
or equipment.
■ For example, in descriptive
research, the instruments used in
gathering data are questionnaires,
tests, checklists, and many others.
Achievable

■ The data are achievable using correct

statistical tools to arrive at precise
results.
■ For descriptive research, ANOVA
(analysis of variance) is the statistical
tool used to determine the significant
difference in the achievement and
nutritional intake of regular students
and 4Ps beneficiaries.
Realistic
■ Real results are attained
because they are
gathered scientifically
and not manipulated or
maneuvered.
Time Bound

■ Time frame is required in every

activity because the shorter
completion of the activity, the
better.
■ Select a topic that can be
finished within the time frame
given by the teacher.
PARTS OF A
RESEARCH
PAPER
 Chapter 1
The Problem: Rationale and Background
■ Statement of the Problem
■ Hypothesis
■ Theoretical/Conceptual Background
■ Significance of the Study
■ Scope and Limitations of the Study
■ Definition of Key Terms
 Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
■ Related Legal Bases
■ Related Literature (Local and Foreign)
■ Related Studies (Local and Foreign)
■ Synthesis
 Chapter 3
Methodology
■ Research Design
■ Sampling Design and Technique (of sample survey)
■ Respondents
■ Research Instrument
■ Validation of the Research Instrument
■ Data Gathering Procedure
■ Data Processing Method
■ Statistical Treatment
 Chapter 4
Results, Analysis, and Interpretation
 Chapter 5
Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and
Recommendations
■Bibliography
■Appendices
■Curriculum Vitae
 1. Statement of the Problem
(SOP)

■This is a research problem in the form of

questions. The answers to these questions
when put together, will cover the whole
topic.
■These statements must be coherent and
related to one another. They must be
organized following an outline. The problem
should be researchable, practical, and
relevant. It should be something that can be
investigated or proven.
 Example of a Research Proposal SOP
This study aims to determine how the peer group
influences the smoking behavior of boys. It seeks to
answer the following questions:
1. 1 What motivates teenage people to smoke?
1. 2. What are the standards of peer groups?
1. 3. How do they look at people smoking?
2. Hypothesis

■ This is an intelligent guess assumed to be

true that you expect to happen by presenting
accurate and reliable data and evidence.
■ It is a guide that makes you focus on the facts
that you should study.
■ It directs you to the facts to include or
exclude.
■ It is your own calculated guess, the
verification of which you should conduct in a
scientific way.
Example:

Television shows greatly affect children’s behavior.

Assumptions

■ Assumptions are presumed to be

true statements of facts related to
the research problem. They are
clearly stated to give readers of
research papers the foundation to
form conclusions resulting from
assumptions.
 a.) The theoretical framework shapes the
justification of the research problem/research
objectives in order to provide the legal basis for
designing its parameters. The researcher must identify
3. key concepts used in the study for better
understanding of the role of theory in research .
Theoretical/
Conceptual
Framework b.) The conceptual framework is a symbolic
construction which uses abstract concepts, facts
or laws, variables, and their relations that explain
and predict how an observed phenomenon exists
and operates.
Example of a Theoretical Framework:

This study is anchored on the Social Capital

Theory. Coleman (2000) as cited by Bock & Macke
(2014) explained that social theory is the ability for
people to act together towards common goals and
specifies three ways: trust level; exchange information
and ideas channels and norms and sanctions.
Example of a Conceptual Framework:

The concept of Benet (2006, 2012, 2013) and

Aydin, Hakan & Bulent (2015) guided the researcher
in the design and formulation of the conceptual
framework of the study.
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Teachers’
● Profile of the Professional
Respondents ADMINISTRATION Development
● Teachers’ of the Program
Professional QUESTIONNAIRE
Development
Programs
● Barriers to
Collaboration

Fig. 2. Paradigm of the Study

4. Importance of the Study

■This is the part where you state the

objectives of your research. You have to
ask yourself the following questions: Will
it help me, or the readers solve a
community or school problem?
■The research problem and the result
must be significant and beneficial not only
to the researcher but also to the readers.
 Example:
Findings of this study will serve as a source of
information for all parents, guidance counselors and
school administrators. The results of this study will
serve as the basis in formulating certain policies by the
school administrators.
5. Scope and Limitations of
the Study

■ This part of the study tells how

far you are going in your
research.
■ You also have to mention the
people involved, the time limit,
the sources of data, the sampling
method, and resource limitation.
 Example:
The study is limited only to 50 grade 10 male students
of Novaliches High School randomly taken from sections
1-10.
6. Definition of Terms

■ The important words or keywords in the

research should be clarified and
understood by the readers because some
words may have a different meaning from
what the dictionary gives.
■ Technical terms or special words should be
defined contextually or operationally. The
words may be familiar to the readers, but
they may have different meanings in your
study.
7. Review of Related
Literature
■ The review is the summary or synthesis of
everything you have read about your
topic.
■ These may lead to the answers to your
research problem or information related to
your research problem or information
related to your research problem.
■ It is also a discussion of the historical
development and new status of that problem.
Example:
Wilson (2013) maintained that partners or team or
the individuals who are collaborating with one another
should see the reasons for working together in order to
have a shared purpose and to more clearly see reasons
to work together to solve common problems within the
institution.
8. Methodology

■ Methodology is a description of the

step-by-step procedure you used in
coming up with your results.
■ How you tested your hypothesis, the
people or respondents involved, and
the instruments used in gathering must
be explained.
 Example:
This study used the survey method through a
questionnaire. Eighty questionnaires were given
personally to friends who belong to the target
population. The researcher’s friends were assigned to
collect the questionnaires the following day. The
questionnaire contains the following questions…
■ The following guide questions will help you present
your methodology.
■ How did you gather your data? Did you use a
questionnaire? How many copies of the questionnaire
did you send? How many were returned? How many
and what were the questions asked? Did you interview
people?
■ How many are your respondents? How did you
choose the respondents? How did you analyze and
interpret the data?
■ The procedure that may be used by the researcher
depends upon the topic he is investigating. If the topic
is about a kind of disease, the researcher may not need
to interview people, or he may not prepare a
questionnaire anymore.
9. Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
■ After ordering, categorizing, and summarizing
the data, these need to be analyzed and
interpreted. This is now getting the meaning
and the implications of these data.
■ What are the relationships of these data? Is
there a difference among them? How do we
get meaning from those numerical facts? What
are some truths that are revealed? Is your
hypothesis well-supported and therefore
accepted
 This is a brief summary of your findings,
your conclusions, and your
recommendation.

The recommendations should be tried,

10. Summary, applied, or implemented so that in the future
the result of this new application which aims
Conclusion, and to solve the problem may lead to another
Recommendations discovery of new concepts or paradigms and
thus form another theory.
 Example of a summary:
What influences teenage people to smoke? The most
influential factor is peer pressure. Parental modelling
causes smoking to be accepted.
 Example of a Conclusion:
We therefore conclude that TV shows greatly influence
children’s behavior.Children learn by watching and
imitating. Violence becomes a natural event in the young
minds of the children. So, parents have a big role in . . .
Example of a recommendation:
The following recommendations are made so that
parents can protect their children from excessive
television violence:
1. Know the programs your children are watching.
2. Watch TV with your children so that. . .
11. ■ The ideas or information that we used in
our research did not all come originally
Bibliography from our minds. Most of them came from
different sources written by various
authors. We are lucky enough to have those
ready references which have been
painstakingly researched.
■ An investigator who fails to cite
documentation of ideas taken from other
sources in his research paper resorts to
plagiarism – an act wherein the writer uses
the passages, ideas, writings, and
statements of others without giving due
credit.
12. Footnotes ■ Another way of
acknowledging the sources or
the authors is through
footnotes. We use footnotes
when we quote a quotation,
when we cite statistics,
graphs, or tables and when we
paraphrase a concept or
statement of an authority.
By these people whom we owe very much. That is why we
show our gratitude and honesty, by listing their names in the
bibliography, a separate page in our research paper.
 REFERENCES

Books

Bluman, A (2016). Elementary statistics: a step by step approach, a brief version 7th ed.
New York, NY: McGraw Hill Education.

Journals/Periodicals/Magazines

Andriana, L. (2013). Social capital: a road map of theoretical frameworks and empirical
limitations. Department of Management Birkbeck University of London. ISSN 2052-
0581. Birkbeck University of London, Malet Street, London.

Unpublished Theses

Briones, M.V. (2017).Faculty development program in sampled public elementary schools in

District 7 Division of Quezon City: towards an enhanced faculty development program.
Metro Manila College, Metro Manila, Philippines.

Internet Sources
Alvi, M.H (2016). A Manual for selecting sample techniques in research.
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenhen.de/60138/
Activity 1. Writing Inferences/Hypotheses
Write possible reasons/causes of the following problems. Number 1 is done for you.
1. Many students are cutting classes.
Possible reasons:
a. They are influenced by their peers who are risk-takers
b. They are afraid of the teacher.
c. They may have a problem and need the company of friends.
d. They have not done the assignment on the subject.
e. The subject/teacher is boring.
2. Three-fourths of the class failed Science 10.
3. Camia Street in Barangay Santol is always flooded.
4. There are many drug addicts in our community.
5. Car accidents often occur at the intersection of Susano Road and Gen. San Luis
Street.
6. Many men die of lung cancer due to smoking.
Activity 2. Identifying Parts of the Research Process. Identify to what part of the research process each of
the following information belongs. The information below was taken from different research proposals .

a. This study aims to determine how the peer group influences

the smoking behavior of boys. It seeks to answer the following
questions:
1. What motivates teenage people to smoke?
2. What are the standards of the peer group?
3. How do they look at people smoking?

ANSWER: Statement of the Problem

b. Findings of this study will serve as a source of
information for all teachers, parents, guidance
counselors, and school administrators. The results
of this study will serve as the basis for formulating
policies by the school administrators.

ANSWER: Significance of the Study

c. The study is limited only to 50 grade 10
male students of Novaliches High School
randomly taken from sections 15-30.

ANSWER: Scope and Limitation of the

Study
d. What influences teenage people to smoke? The most
influential factor is peer pressure. Parental modeling
causes smoking to be accepted (Andersen, 1995).

ANSWER: Review of Related Literature

e. The study used the survey method through a questionnaire.
Eighty questionnaires were given personally to friends who
belong to the target population. The researcher’s friends were
assigned to collect the questionnaire the following day. The
questionnaire contains the following questions.

ANSWER: Methodology
Activity 3. Formulating a Research Topic

Formulate a research topic on some community and

school problems. Make it concise, simple, and
comprehensive.
Example: Many grade 10 boys smoke cigarettes in the
comfort room and outside the campus.
Formulated Topic: Peer Group Influences Teenagers to
Smoke
Activity 4. Writing a Research Proposal
Write a research proposal. Write questions that will guide you in your research investigation. Do not forget
to focus on your objectives.
Example of a Research Proposal
Topic: Factors Influencing Teenagers to Smoke
Statement of the Problem:
This study aims to determine how the peer group influences the smoking behavior of boys. The study will
seek to answer the following questions:
1. Why do teenagers smoke?
2. What or who influenced teenagers to smoke?
3. What are some teenagers’ impressions of teenagers who smoke?
4. How prevalent is smoking among teenagers?
5. Are the teenage-smokers aware of the poisonous elements in cigarette smoke?
6. How does smoking affect our health? What parts of our body are greatly affected by smoking?
7. Is there a way to prevent teenagers from smoking?
8. How can smokers be made or urged to quit smoking?
Sample Titles

■ The Impact of Social Media on Teenagers’ Self-Esteem: A Study of High School

Students
■ Investigating the Effects of Parental Involvement on High School Students’ Academic
Achievement
■ The Relationship Between Bullying and Mental Health in High School Students
■ Analyzing the Effectiveness of peer mentoring Programs on High School Students’
Academic Success
Sample Titles

■ Exploring the Relationship Between High School Students’ Extracurricular Activities

and Academic Performance
■ Examining the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on High School Students’ Academic
Performance
■ Investigating the Influence of Peer Pressure on High School Students Decision Making
■ The Role of School Climate in High School Students’ Academic Engagement and
Achievement
Sample Titles

■ An Analysis of the Factors Affecting High School Dropout Rates

■ Examining the Effectiveness of Online Learning in High School Education
■ Investigating the Relationship between Stress and Physical Health in High School
Students
■ Examining the Effectiveness of Anti-Bullying Programs in Schools