ENZYMES

Dr. Lamya Elsayed O. L Biology

Catalyst :
 a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and is not
chemically changed at the end of the reaction .
Enzymes:
 are proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up the rate
of chemical reactions.
Active site
 is the part of the enzyme where the reaction occurs. The active
site has a complementary shape to the substrate molecule.
Substrate
 is the substance on which the enzyme acts.

 Each enzyme has a certain substrate on which it acts to form an

enzyme –substrate complex.

Dr. Lamya Elsayed O. L Biology

 EXAMPLES

 The enzyme pepsin which is secreted by the walls of the stomach its
substrate is protein
Protein Pepsin polypeptide

 The enzyme amylase which is secreted by salivary glands its

substrate is starch.

Starch Amylase maltose (a type of sugar)

 The main characteristics of enzymes

 Enzymes are specific in their function
Means that each enzyme speeds up a certain reaction. only because each
enzyme has a region called the active site where its substrate fits exactly,
and this allows the enzyme to act on a certain substrate or substrates, this
means that the enzyme acts as a lock while its substrate acts as a key
Dr. Lamya Elsayed O. L Biology
The reactions that enzymes catalyse can be divided into three types.

1. Breaking large molecules into small ones.

This is important in nutrition when large food
molecules are broken down into small ones so that
they can be absorbed and then used.

2- Building up large molecules from small ones

Small molecules, such as glucose, are joined together to

make large molecules.,such as starch and cellulose.

3- Converting one small molecule into another

C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O
For example, there are enzymes that remove hydrogen
from compounds during respiration.

Properties of Enzyme :
All enzymes have five important properties.
1. They are all proteins
2. Each enzyme catalyses one particular metabolic reaction
3. They can be used again and again.
4. They are influenced by temperature.
5. They are influenced by PH.
Dr. Lamya Elsayed O. L Biology
 Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

that the rate of reaction:

 is slow at low temperatures, e.g., at 10°C
 increases as the temperature increases to 40°C
 reaches a maximum at 40°C
 decreases at temperatures greater than 40°C
 is zero at 60°C.
Dr. Lamya Elsayed O. L Biology
Enzymes are affected by temperature
 The activity of most enzymes increases by the increase in temperature
till about 35°C to 40°C then any increase in temperature leads to a decrease
in the activity of the enzyme.
 Increase in temperature increases rate of reaction as it increases kinetic
energy of molecules of both enzyme and its substrate making them move
around faster and this increases frequency of effective collisions which
increases the chance to bind toghether and a reaction taking place.
 However, at higher temperatures the bonds holding the enzyme molecule
together start to break down. This changes the shape of the active site, so
the substrate no longer fits.
We say that the enzyme has been denatured and it can no longer
catalyse the reaction.
Dr. Lamya Elsayed O. L Biology
 Effect of PH on enzyme
activity.

•Enzymes are affected by the pH value

•Each enzyme has a certain pH at which it
works best
•At either side of their optimum PH value
enzyme activity decrease .
If bonds that hold the enzyme molecule in shape are broken by changes in pH, then
the shape of the active site can be altered. When the rate of reaction is zero, the
shape of the active site has changed so much that the substrate molecules will no
longer fit.
At these values of pH, enzymes are denatured. Small changes in PH can affect the
rate of reaction without denaturing the enzyme.

Dr. Lamya Elsayed O. L Biology

Describe and explain the graph shown:

Describe: On increasing temperature from 0-55 °C, enzyme activity increases then decreases,
no activity above 55 °C, Peak activity at 40 °C. steepest decrease in activity above 40 °C
Explain: As on increasing temperature kinetic energy of enzyme & substrate molecules
increases, so more chance of effective collisions, more chance to fit & bind like lock & key,
so more enzyme-substrate complex formation.40°C is the optimum temperature where
enzymes worked best, Above 40 °C, enzymes are getting denatured, changing shape of active
site, so no longer complementary to substrate, enzymes lost their function, fully
denatured at 55 °C.

Dr. Lamya Elsayed O. L Biology

Describe and explain effect of pH on Trypsin:
Describe:
No activity below pH 5.5, & above 10, on increasing pH, from 5.5 to 10, enzyme activity increases
then decreases, Peak activity at pH 7 .
Explain:
pH 7 is the optimum pH, where enzymes worked best, as enzymes had their proper shape of active
site, more chance of effective collisions with substrate, more enzyme substrate complex formation.
Changing pH denatures enzymes, changing their shape of active site, so active site is no longer
complementary to substrate, enzymes lost their function.
Fully denatured at pH 5.5, & 10 "extremes of pH"

Dr. Lamya Elsayed O. L Biology