Chapter 10: Routing Protocols

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 Chapter 10 Objectives
The Following CompTIA Network+ Exam Objectives
Are Covered in This Chapter:
• 1.9 Explain the basics of routing concepts and
protocols
• • Loopback interface
• • Routing loops
• • Routing tables
• • Static vs. dynamic routes
• • Default route
• • Distance vector routing protocols
• o RIP v2
• • Hybrid routing protocols
• o BGP
• • Link state routing protocols
• o OSPF
• o IS-IS
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 Chapter 10 Objectives
The Following CompTIA Network+ Exam Objectives Are
Covered in This Chapter:
• • Interior vs. exterior gateway routing protocols
• • Autonomous system numbers
• • Route redistribution
• • High availability
• o VRRP
• o Virtual IP
• o HSRP
• • Route aggregation
• • Routing metrics
• o Hop counts
• o MTU, bandwidth
• o Costs
• o Latency
• o Administrative distance
• o SPB
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 Routing Protocol Basics
• Routing protocols are critical to a network’s design.
Dynamic routing protocols run only on routers that use
them in order to discover networks and update their
routing tables.
• Using dynamic routing is easier on you, the system
administrator, than the labor-intensive, manually
achieved, static routing method is; but it’ll cost you in
terms of router CPU processes and bandwidth on the
network links.
• A routing protocol defines the set of rules used by a
router when it communicates routing information
between its neighbor routers.

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 Routing Protocol Basics
Routing

The whole routing tree: Static Dynamic

Routing Routing

IGP EGP
We’re going
Protocols: to look at the
BGP IGP branch
and discover
the workings
Distance Link of Distance
Vector State Vector, Link
State, and
Protocols: Protocols: Hybrid
RIPv1 & 2, IGRP OSPF, IS-IS
routing
protocols.
Hybrid

Protocols: 5
EIGRP/BGP
 Administrative Distance

• The administrative distance (AD) is used to rate the

trustworthiness of routing information received on one
router from its neighboring router.

• If a router receives two updates listing the same remote

network, the first thing the router checks is the AD. If
one of the advertised routes has a lower AD than the
other, the route with the lower AD is the one that will get
placed in the routing table.
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 Classes of Routing Protocols
• Distance vector
– Find the best path to a remote network
by judging distance. Each time a
packet goes through a router we call
it a hop. The route with fewest hops
to the network is determined to
be the best route.
• Link State
– Link State protocols create three separate
tables. One of these tables keeps track of directly
attached neighbors, one determines the topology of the
entire internetwork, and one is used as the actual
routing table. Link-state routers know more about the
internetwork than any distance-vector routing protocol.

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 Classes of Routing Protocols

• Hybrid
– A hybrid protocol uses the best aspects
of both distance vector and link state
routing protocols. At this time, there’s
EIGRP and BGP. EIGRP happens to
be a Cisco proprietary protocol,
meaning that it will only run on Cisco
equipment. If you have a multi-vendor
environment, this won’t work for you.

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Distance Vector Routing Protocols

• Each router has only the directly connected networks

in each of their routing tables.
• Each router sends its complete routing table, which
includes the network number, exit interface, and hop
count to the network, out to each active interface.

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Distance Vector Routing Protocols

• Routing table in each router keeps information

about three important things:
– The remote network number
– The interface that the router will use to send
packets to reach that particular network
– The hop count, or metric, to the network

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 Routing Information Protocol
(RIP)

• RIP is a true distance-vector routing protocol.

• It sends the complete routing table out to all active interfaces
every 30 seconds.
• RIP uses only one thing to determine the best way to a
remote network—the hop count.
• RIP has a maximum allowable hop count of 15 by default, a
hop count of 16 would be deemed unreachable.

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 Typical Classful Network

• All interfaces use the same subnet mask.

• All interfaces support the same number of devices.

• Do all networks the networks in the diagram need

the same number of devices (addresses)?
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 Classless network design

• All interfaces can use a different subnet mask.

Interfaces support a more efficient number of devices wasting less
addresses.
• In order to implement a VLSM design on your network, you need to have a routing
protocol that sends subnet-mask information with the route updates.
– RIPv2
– EIGRP
– OSPF

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 A discontiguous network

• A discontiguous network has two or more subnetworks

of a classful network connected together by different
classful networks.
• Discontiguous networks won’t work with RIPv1 or IGRP.
• Discontiguous networks won’t work by default on RIPv2 or
EIGRP (RIPv2 and EIGRP auto-summarize by default).
• Discontiguous networks do work on OSPF networks by
default because OSPF does not auto-summarize.
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 EIGRP

• A great feature of EIGRP is that it’s simple to configure

and turn on like a distance-vector protocol, but it keeps
track of more information than distance vector does.
• It creates and maintains additional tables instead of
just one table as distance-vector routing protocols do.
• These tables are called the neighbor table, topology
table, and routing table.
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 Border Gateway Protocol
(BGP)

IGPs: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF

EGPs: BGP

Autonomous System 1 Autonomous System 2

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 RIP / OSPF Comparison

• OSPF is the first link-state routing protocol that most people are
introduced to, so it’s good to see how it compares to more
traditional distance-vector protocols like RIPv2 and RIPv1.

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 OSPF Design Example

Backbone Router
Area 0
Area Border
Router (ABR)

Autonomous System
Border Router (ASBR)

Area 1 Area 2

Autonomous System

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 IS-IS Network
Area 13 Design
L2
AS 1200

L1/L2 L1/L2

Area 10 Area 12

L1/L2
L1 L1

Area 11

L1

• IS-IS is an IGP used within an administrative domain or

network.
• IS-IS is a link-state routing protocol operating by reliably
flooding topology information throughout a network of routers.
• Each IS-IS router independently builds a picture of the
network's topology similar to OSPF.
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 IPv6 Routing Protocols
• RIPng
– RIPng works the same as.
– RIPng is still a distance-vector protocol, has a max
hop count of 15, and uses split horizon, poison
reverse, and other loop avoidance mechanisms.
– RIPng now uses UDP port 521.
• EIGRPv6
– EIGRPv6 works much the same as its IPv4
predecessor does—most of the features that EIGRP
provided before EIGRPv6 will still be available.
• OSPFv3
– The foundation of OSPF remains the same—it is still
a link-state routing protocol that divides an entire
internetwork or autonomous system into areas,
making a hierarchy.

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Figure 10.11

Fa0/1 Fa0/1

Fa0/0 Fa0/0
10.0.0.1 Virtual Router
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.10

IP: 10.0.0.100
Gateway: 10.0.0.10
Figure 10.12

Fa0/1 Fa0/1

Fa0/0 Fa0/0

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
Virtual Router
Active 10.0.0.10 Standby

IP: 10.0.0.100
Gateway: 10.0.0.10
Figure 10.13

Fa0/1 Fa0/1

Fa0/0 Fa0/0

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
Virtual Router
Standby 10.0.0.10 Active

IP: 10.0.0.100
Gateway: 10.0.0.10
Figure 10.14

Fa0/1 Fa0/1
Virtual Router
10.0.0.10

Fa0/0 Fa0/0

10.0.0.1 Hello? 10.0.0.2

Active Standby

IP: 10.0.0.100
Gateway: 10.0.0.10
 Summary

• Summary
• Exam Essentials Section
• Written Labs
• Review Questions

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