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Systems of Systems Engineering Technical

Approaches as Applied to Mission Engineering
Dr. Judith Dahmann
Dr. Aleksandra Markina-Khusid
Janna Kamenetsky
Laura Antul
Ryan Jacobs

Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited 17-3712-15 © 2017 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.
 |2|

Topics

 Mission engineering (ME)

 The relationship between system of systems engineering (SoSE) and ME
 Particular challenges of SoSE applied to missions
 Some SoSE technical approaches which address these challenges

© 2017 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited 17-3712-15
 |3|

Mission Engineering Challenge

 Systems are acquired to meet user needs in a mission context
 Mission operations are supported by sets of systems (or systems of systems) which work together
to achieve mission objectives
 Systems supporting each role in a mission (i.e. kill chain) will vary over the course of the
operation and be used for multiple missions

S ys te m Acquis ition Ope rations

Mission Engineering is
the deliberate planning,
analyzing, organizing, and
? integrating of current and
emerging operational and
Identify Systems Contributing
system capabilities to
achieve desired warfighting
to Capability Objectives
Obs erve P lan E x ec ute S us tain

Com m and & Control Com m and & Control Com m and & Control Com m and & Control
Obs erve B attles pac e M anned - Unm anned Forc es M anned - Unm anned Forc es M anned - Unm anned Forc es M anned - Unm anned Forc es Rec over / Rec ons itute
(M is s ion P lanning) (P atrol / E s c ort) (E ngagem ent) (Rec over / Rec ons titute)

• Specify how current

A s s es s B attles pac e /
Dis tribute / Dis s em inate
Threats / M is s ion
B attles pac e / Threat Data
Requirem ents
Dis tribute / Dis s em inate
M aneuver Orders
Dis tribute / Dis s em inate
Conduc t M anned M aneuver Dis tribute / Dis s em inate
A s s es s E ngagem ent E ffec ts Rec overy / Rec ons titution
(P atrol / E s c ort) E ngagem ent Orders
Orders

Conduc t Unm anned O b s e rve P la n E x ec ute S u s t a in

M aneuver (P atrol / E s c ort)

Conduc t M anned Non-Lethal

P repare COA s
Conduc t Cooperative
Unm anned M aneuver
(P atrol / E s c ort)
Conduc t Cooperative
Dis tribute / Dis s em inate
M anned-Unm anned
M is s ion P lans / Orders
M aneuver (P atrol / E s c ort)
systems support
E ngagem ent of
Detec t / ID / A s s es s Tim e-S ens itive S urfac e Threats C o m m a n d & C o n t ro l C o m m a n d & C o n t ro l C o m m a n d & C o n t ro l C o m m a n d & C o n t ro l
S urfac e Threats O b s e rve B a t t le s p a c e M a n n e d - U n m a n n e d F o rc e s M a n n e d - U n m a n n e d F o rc e s M a n n e d - U n m a n n e d F o rc e s M a n n e d - U n m a n n e d F o rc e s R e c o ve r / R e c o n s it u t e
(M is s io n P la n n in g ) (P a t ro l / E s c o rt ) (E n g a g e m e n t ) (R e c o ve r / R e c o n s t it u t e )
Conduc t Unm anned Non-Lethal
E ngagem ent of
Tim e-S ens itive S urfac e Threats A s s e s s B a t t le s p a c e / D is t rib u t e / D is s e m in a t e
D is t rib u t e / D is s e m in a t e
T h re a t s / M is s io n
D is t rib u t e / D is s e m in a t e C o n d u c t M a n n e d M a n e u ve r D is t rib u t e / D is s e m in a t e
A s s e s s E n g a g e m e n t E ffe c t s R e c o ve ry / R e c o n s t it u t io n
B a t t le s p a c e / T h re a t D a t a
R e q u ire m e n t s
M a n e u ve r O rd e rs (P a t ro l / E s c o rt ) E n g a g e m e n t O rd e rs
O rd e rs
Conduc t Cooperative Unm anned Non-

the capability
Lethal E ngagem ent of ROC 01 ROC 05 Conduc t Unm anned
M a n e u ve r (P a t ro l / E s c o rt )
ROC 05 ROC 05
C o n d u c t M a n n e d N o n -L e t h a l
Tim e-S ens itive S urfac e Threats P re p a re C O A s E ngagem ent of

ROC 02
C o n d u c t C o o p e ra t ive D e t e c t / ID / A s s e s s T im e -S e n s it ive S u rfa c e T h re a t s
U n m a n n e d M a n e u ve r S u rfa c e T h re a t s

Conduc t M anned M aneuver Conduc t Cooperative M anned- (P a t ro l / E s c o rt ) C o n d u c t U n m a n n e d N o n -L e t h a l

ROC 05
(IS R) Unm anned Non-Lethal E ngagem ent of C o n d u c t C o o p e ra t ive
ROC 01 E ngagem ent of
T im e -S e n s it ive S u rfa c e T h re a t s
D is t rib u t e / D is s e m in a t e
M a n n e d -U n m a n n e d
Tim e-S ens itive S urfac e Threats M is s io n P la n s / O rd e rs
M a n e u ve r (P a t ro l / E s c o rt ) C o n d u c t C o o p e ra t ive U n m a n n e d N o n -
ROC 03
Conduc t Unm anned Lethal E ngagem ent of
T im e -S e n s it ive S u rfa c e T h re a t s

objectives
M aneuver (IS R)
C o n d u c t M a n n e d M a n e u ve r C o n d u c t C o o p e ra t ive M a n n e d -
(IS R ) U n m a n n e d N o n -L e t h a l E n g a g e m e n t o f

Conduc t Cooperative Conduc t M anned Lethal E ngagem ent Conduc t Unm anned
T im e -S e n s it ive S u rfa c e T h re a t s

Unm anned M aneuver (IS R) of M a n e u ve r (IS R )

Conduc t Cooperative
Tim e-S ens itive S urfac e Threats ROC 02 C o n d u c t C o o p e ra t ive
U n m a n n e d M a n e u ve r (IS R )
C onduc t M anned Lethal E ngagem ent
of

M anned-Unm anned C o n d u c t C o o p e ra t ive

T im e -S e n s it ive S u rfa c e T h re a t s

Conduc t Unm anned Lethal

M aneuver (IS R) M a n n e d -U n m a n n e d
C onduc t U nm anned Lethal
E ngagem ent of M a n e u ve r (IS R )
E ngagem ent of

Tim e-S ens itive S urfac e Threats T im e -S e n s it ive S u rfa c e T h re a t s

C o n d u c t C o o p e ra t ive U n m a n n e d ROC 03
Lethal E ngagem ent of
Conduc t Cooperative Unm anned T im e -S e n s it ive S u rfa c e T h re a t s

Lethal E ngagem ent of C o n d u c t C o o p e ra t ive M a n n e d -

Tim e-S ens itive S urfac e Threats U nm anned Lethal E ngagem ent of
T im e -S e n s it ive S u rfa c e T h re a t s

Conduc t Cooperative M anned-

Unm anned Lethal E ngagem ent of
Tim e-S ens itive S urfac e Threats

M E S F M a n n e d -U n m a n n e d C o o p e ra tiv e , S e m i-A u to n o m o u s G O P L A T D e fe n s e
M is s io n P h a s e s P la n E xe c u te (P a tro l/IS R )

• Ea ch m ission pla n / CONOP / La n e s

U n its / P la tfo rm s / S y s te m s

N T A 1 .5 .4 C o n d u c t D e fe n s e
N T A 1 .4 .8 C o n d u c t M a ritim e L a w E n fo rc e m e n t
C o o rd W ith
G O P L A T (s ) N T A 6 .3 .1 .2 P ro te c t/S e c u re O p e ra tio n a lly C ritic a l In s ta lla tio n s , F a c ilitie s , a n d S y s te m s ?
MESF
N T A 6 .3 .1 .3 P ro v id e H a rb o r D e fe n s e a n d P o rt S e c u rity

N T A 1 .5 .4 .1 .3 P ro v id e A re a S e c u rity
N T A 1 .2 .1 2 M a n e u v e r in F o rm a tio n N T A 1 .5 .5 .1 C o n d u c t P a tro ls
N T A 5 .3 .9 .3 P la n T a c tic a l O p e ra tio n s

U p lo a d M o n ito r / M o n ito r /
M E S F C ra ft# 1 (L e a d ) P re p a re U S V U n d e rw a y M a n e u v e r to M o n ito r U S V C o o rd W ith C o o rd w ith A ssess
B rie f M is s io n M is s io n S o rtie U p d a te U S V C o o p P a tro l U p d a te U S V U p d a te T O C

COA describes a pa th through

(S U R C / R A C / S O C -R ) fo r U n d e rw a y P re p s P a tro l A re a S e n s o r D a ta LCS G O P LATs S itu a tio n
F o rc e s : 2 x M E S F C ra ft, s ta n d a rd lo a d o u t (P a y lo a d ) M a n e u v e rs S e n s o rs
2 x T U S V s , s e n s o rs , n o n -le th a l + le th a l w e a p o n s p a y lo a d
L C S in th e A O O , o p e ra tin g 1 x T U A V , s e n s o rs
P la n M is s io n

No d e s
C O N O P S : M E S F C ra ft p a tro l + A u to /S e m i-A u to c o o p e ra tiv e T U S V p a tro l
T U A V p ro v id e s s u rv e illa n c e a n d c o m b a t ID
T U S V s e x te n d M E S F s e n s o rs , p ro v id e c o m b a t ID a n d e n g a g e m e n t C o o p e ra tiv e ly
M E S F C ra ft# 2 P re p a re U S V U n d e rw a y M o n ito r U S V
S o rtie M a n e u v e r to C o o p P a tro l
(S U R C / R A C / S O C -R ) fo r U n d e rw a y P re p s S e n s o r D a ta
P a tro l A re a

the va rious steps in the m ission

D o w n lo a d D o w n lo a d A u to -C o o p
U n d e rw a y A u to -C o o p T ra n s m it R e d ire c t

mission effects
TUS V #1 M is s io n M is s io n S o rtie M a n e u v e r to
P re p s P a tro l S e n s o r D a ta S e n s o rs
(M a n e u v e r) (P a y lo a d ) P a tro l A re a

D o w n lo a d D o w n lo a d A u to -C o o p
U n d e rw a y A u to -C o o p T ra n s m it R e d ire c t

S ys te m s
TUS V #2 M is s io n M is s io n S o rtie M a n e u v e r to
P re p s P a tro l S e n s o r D a ta S e n s o rs
(M a n e u v e r) (P a y lo a d ) P a tro l A re a

N T A 5 .3 .9 .3 P la n T a c tic a l O p e ra tio n s

D is trib u te / U p lo a d M o n ito r / M o n ito r /

M o n ito r T U A V M o n ito r U S V M o n ito r M is s io n /
MESF TOC P la n M is s io n s D is s e m in a te M is s io n S o rtie U S V s U p d a te U S V U p d a te U S V U p d a te C T F
S u rv e illa n c e D a ta S e n s o r D a ta U p d a te In te n tio n s
O rd e rs (M a n e u v e r) M a n e u v e rs M a n e u v e rs

N T A 1 .2 .8 C o n d u c t T a c tic a l R e c o n n a is s a n c e a n d S u rv e illa n c e

TUA V #1 D o w n lo a d U p lo a d
A u to -M a n e u v e r to S e m i-A u to - T ra n s m it
(F ire S c o u t / S c a n E a g le / S T U A S P re flig h t P re p s M is s io n M is s io n Launch M aneuver
S u rv e illa n c e A re a P a tro l S e n s o r D a ta
/ MRUAS) (M a n e u v e r) (P a y lo a d )

(T B D )
N T A 5 .3 .9 .3 P la n T a c tic a l O p e ra tio n s

LCS U p lo a d U p lo a d M o n ito r / M o n ito r /

P re flig h t C o o rd W ith A ssess
P la n M is s io n M is s io n M is s io n Launch TU A V D is trib u te T U A V U p d a te C T F U p d a te T U A V
TUAV MESF S itu a tio n
(M a n e u v e r) (M a n e u v e r) S u rv e illa n c e D a ta M a n e u v e rs

SoS
(T B D )
N T A 5 .3 D e te rm in e a n d P la n A c tio n s a n d O p e ra tio n s N T A 5 .1 .3 .1 M a in ta in a n d D is p la y T a c tic a l P ic tu re

D is trib u te /
M o n ito r M o n ito r M is s io n / M o n ito r M is s io n /
C T F -5 6 D is s e m in a te M o n ito r C O P
M is s io n s U p d a te In te n tio n s U p d a te In te n tio n s
In te n tio n s / O rd e rs
(C o n s tru c tiv e )

N T A 5 .3 D e te rm in e a n d P la n A c tio n s a n d O p e ra tio n s

JFM C C D is trib u te /
M o n ito r

Architecture
D is s e m in a te M o n ito r C O P
M is s io n s
(C 2 F M O C ) In te n tio n s / O rd e rs

Identify and
evaluate
alternative MESF Manned-Unmanned Cooperative, Semi-Autonomous GOPLAT Defense
Mission Phases
Units / Platforms / Systems

NTA 1.5.4 Conduct Defense

Plan Execute(Patrol/ISR)

• Identify specific
systems
NTA 1.4.8 Conduct Maritime Law Enforcement
GOPLAT(s) NTA 6.3.1.2 Protect/Secure Operationally Critical Installations, Facilities, and Systems Coord With
? MESF
NTA 6.3.1.3 Provide Harbor Defense and Port Security

approaches to
NTA 1.5.4.1.3 Provide Area Security
NTA 1.2.12 Maneuver in Formation NTA 1.5.5.1 Conduct Patrols
NTA 5.3.9.3 Plan Tactical Operations
2
MESF Craft#1 (Lead) Prepare USV Upload Underway Maneuver to Monitor / Monitor USV Monitor / Coord With Coord with Assess
(SURC / RAC / SOC-R) Brief Mission for Underway Mission Preps Sortie Patrol Area Update USV Coop Patrol Sensor Data Update USV LCS GOPLATs Situation Update TOC
Forces: 2xMESF Craft, standard loadout (Payload) Maneuvers Sensors

supporting the
2xTUSVs, sensors, non-lethal + lethal weapons payload
LCS in the AOO, operating 1xTUAV, sensors
Plan Mission
CONOPS: MESF Craft patrol + Auto/Semi-Auto cooperative TUSV patrol
TUAV provides surveillance and combat ID
MESF Craft#2 TUSVs extend MESF sensors, provide combat ID and engagement Prepare USV Underway Cooperatively Monitor USV
(SURC / RAC / SOC-R) for Underway Preps Sortie Maneuver to Coop Patrol Sensor Data
Patrol Area

organizing and TUSV#1 Underway

Preps
Download
Mission
(Maneuver)
Download
Mission
(Payload)
Sortie
Auto-Coop
Maneuver to
Patrol Area
Auto-Coop
Patrol
Transmit
Sensor Data
Redirect
Sensors

capability
objectives and
Underway Download Download Auto-Coop Auto-Coop Transmit Redirect
TUSV#2 Mission Mission Sortie Maneuver to

augmenting
Preps Patrol Sensor Data Sensors
(Maneuver) (Payload) Patrol Area

NTA 5.3.9.3 Plan Tactical Operations

Distribute / Upload Monitor TUAV Monitor / Monitor USV Monitor / Monitor Mission /
MESF TOC Plan Missions Disseminate Mission Sortie USVs Update USV Update USV Update CTF
Surveillance Data Sensor Data Update Intentions
Orders (Maneuver) Maneuvers Maneuvers

align them to
NTA 1.2.8 Conduct Tactical Reconnaissance and Surveillance

TUAV#1 Download Upload Auto-Maneuver to Semi-Auto- Transmit

systems to meet
(FireScout / ScanEagle / STUAS Preflight Preps Mission Mission Launch Maneuver
/ MRUAS) Surveillance Area Patrol Sensor Data
(Maneuver) (Payload)
(TBD)
NTA 5.3.9.3 Plan Tactical Operations

functionality
LCS Preflight Upload Upload Monitor / Coord With Assess Monitor /
Plan Mission TUAV Mission Mission Launch TUAV Distribute TUAV MESF Situation Update CTF Update TUAV
(Maneuver) (Maneuver) Surveillance Data Maneuvers

(TBD)
NTA 5.3 Determine and Plan Actions and Operations NTA 5.1.3.1 Maintain and Display Tactical Picture

Distribute /

SoS needs
Monitor Monitor Mission / Monitor Mission /

needs
CTF-56 Disseminate Monitor COP
Missions Update Intentions Update Intentions
Intentions / Orders
(Constructive)

NTA 5.3 Determine and Plan Actions and Operations

JFMCC Distribute / Monitor

Disseminate Missions Monitor COP
(C2F MOC) Intentions / Orders

20

Mis s ion/S oS Defense Acquisition Guide Ch 3

Archite cture /Engine e ring
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 |4|

Systems of Systems in Defense

Considerations in mission SoS
Military Satellite Communications – Mission environment
Challenge of SoSE  Mission context - variable physical environments,
Tactical Vehicle
Operations Center 3 threats and non-material elements - critical in
driving SoS for missions
AOC Weapon System Process

Recommendations Joint Force Commander/

– Composition
Component Coordination Guidance

Combat Target
Assessment Development

Results

Force
Target List

Weaponeering/
 Execution of missions is based on the
Missions employment of the set of systems available and
Execution Allocation
SMC/MC: Dr Jost Brief 1 Aug 06 8

Joint Air
Air Tasking Order (ATO) / Master Air Attack Plan
Tasking Order

appropriate for the mission environment

Special Instructions
Development

Sets of systems working together

to provide a broader capability or Information
Platforms mission  Performance needs of a system in the Mission
A military platform (e.g.
Technology SoS may vary depending on the performance of
ship, aircraft, satellite, Mission Networked information
other systems in the SoS (‘AKA ‘Float and Flow’)
ground vehicle) equipped SoS
systems to support – Mission ‘webs’ versus ‘threads’
with independent systems operations within or
(e.g. sensor, weapons,
communications) needed
across platforms or  While there may be a logical sequence of actions
to meet platform objectives Pla tform
systems to meet mission for a mission, in practice there are sets of systems
SoS IT-Ba sed or capability objectives which support missions under different situations
SoS

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 |5|

SoSE Wave Model Applied to ME

External Environment
De fine the mis s ion including mis sion threads and mis s ion
context (Includes mission objectives, CONOPs, scenarios, key functionality, Initiate Conduct Continue Continue Continue
threat) SoS SoS Analysis SoS Analysis SoS Analysis SoS Analysis

Identify current s ystems s upporting the mis s ion and how they Conduct Develop Evolve Evolve
SoS SoS SoS
are e mployed (How are we implementing the mission today?) SoS Arch Arch Arch

As sess mis s ion pe rformance to as sess how we ll current

Analysis Plan
SoS
Plan
SoS
Plan
SoS
Update Update Update
s ys tems work together me et mis sion objectives Implement
Implement Implement
SoS SoS SoS
Update Update Update
Identify gaps from a mis sion e ffectiveness pe rspective and
fault is olate the s ource of gaps

Identify and as sess options for improving the mis s ion

effectiveness (Including changes in how the systems are employed as well
Develop SoS Like other SoS, SoS for missions
Architecture
 Are not ‘designed’ top down, green field systems
as new or different systems, systems updates and non-material considerations )

Guide s ystems acquisitions, from re quirements through Plan SoS

implementation to te st and maintenance to as sure e ffective
mis s ion e xecution Update
 Evolve over time based on changing capability
needs and systems
Conduct mis sion le vel integration and te st Implement
SoS
 Engineering follows the an evolutionary ‘wave’
Monitor mis sion e ffectiveness with changes in mis s ion
context, s cenarios and threat capabilities Updates process versus traditional system ’V’

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 |6|

Mission Engineering
SoSE Engineering to Meet Mission Objectives
External Environment

Initiate Conduct Continue Continue Continue

SoS SoS Analysis SoS Analysis SoS Analysis SoS Analysis

Develop Evolve Evolve Baseline current SoS Against

Mission Objectives
SoS SoS SoS
Arch Arch Arch

Plan Plan Plan

• Assess end-to-end performance of

SoS SoS SoS
Update Update Update

Implement Implement Implement

SoS to implement mission

SoS SoS SoS
Update Update Update

effects/kill chain
• Identify gaps
System Acquisition Operations

Evaluate options and trades across

the SoS to improve or sustain mission Implement changes in
performance
•
•
New TTP for the SoS
Reconfiguration of SoS
? systems, integrate and test
updated SoS mission
• New/upgraded systems capability
• New system interfaces
Identify Systems Contributing

Negotiate with systems to make

to Capability Objectives
• Specify how current
systems support
the capability
objectives

changes to support mission

• Ea ch mission pla n / CONOP /
COA describes a pa th through
the va rious steps in the mission

SoS
Identify and Architecture

performance improvement
evaluate
alternative • Identify specific
approaches to systems
supporting the
organizing and capability

• Plan coordinated capability package for

augmenting objectives and
align them to
systems to meet functionality
SoS needs needs

20

mission improvement
Mission/SoS
• Coordinate technical, program and budget
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Key Activities in ME Process

A key starting point for ME is understanding current state of mission
– Operational mission objectives and CONOPS (mission threads)
– Current and planned systems
– Identifying critical, priority mission gaps
Baseline current SoS Against
Mission Objectives
• Assess end-to-end performance of
Technical assessment SoS to implement mission
effects/kill chain Tracking
of options and trades • Identify gaps
implementation,
– Fault isolating integration and test
System Acquisition Ope rations

sources of gaps Evaluate options and trades

across the SoS to improve or ? Implement changes in
– Given independence
– Assessing alternative sustain mission performance
• New TTP for the SoS
systems, integrate and
test updated SoS
of systems and
• Reconfiguration of SoS development
Identify Systems Contributing

approaches to
to Capability Objectives

mission capability
Observe Plan Execute Sustain

Command&Control Command&Control Command&Control Command&Control

ObserveBattlespace Manned- UnmannedForces Manned- UnmannedForces Manned- UnmannedForces Manned- UnmannedForces Recover / Reconsitute
(MissionPlanning) (Patrol / Escort) (Engagement) (Recover / Reconstitute)

• Specify how current

Distribute/ Disseminate Assess Battlespace/ Distribute/ Disseminate Conduct MannedManeuver Distribute/ Disseminate Distribute/ Disseminate
Battlespace/ Threat Data Threats/ Mission Maneuver Orders (Patrol / Escort) Engagement Orders Assess Engagement Effects Recovery/ Reconstitution
Requirements Orders
Observe Plan Execute Sustain
Conduct Unmanned
Maneuver (Patrol / Escort)

systems support
Conduct MannedNon-Lethal
PrepareCOAs Engagement of
Conduct Cooperative Detect / ID/ Assess Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats ObserveBattlespace ManC od
n(e
M
m mannm
is-sU
da&
ionP
Contro
lnannendinF
l Com
g)orces Manne(d-m
Pa
annm
trU
d&
ol/a
Control
Ensnceodrt)Forces ManCod
nem-m
(E
annm
nU
d&
gageam
C
nn ontrol
eendt)Forces nC
Ma(Rnod
ee
mmannm
cov-eU
da&
r/Re
C
eosdntitrF
cno
n
n
olrces
tuote ) Recover/Reconsitute
UnmannedManeuver SurfaceThreats
(Patrol / Escort) Conduct UnmannedNon-Lethal
Engagement of AsT
shersesats
Ba/ttlM
espace/ D
eicso
trvie
bruyte//RDisseminate
Conduct Cooperative Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats BD
aittlstreisbp
ua
tece/Dishsre
/T em
atinD
aate
ta Require meisnstsion
DistrM
ibaunte
eu/veD
risO
sre
dm
erisnate Condu(cPtaM
troaln/nE
edscM
oa
rt)neuver DisEtrnigbaugte/D
emenistsO
erminra
de ste AssessEngagementEfects R Ordeecrsonstitution
Distribute/ Disseminate Manned-Unmanned ROC 01 ROC 05 ROC 05 ROC 05

the capability
MissionPlans/ Orders Maneuver (Patrol / Escort) Conduct CooperativeUnmannedNon- ManC
eounvdeurc(P
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atrno
m la/nE nsecdort)
ConductnM anenmedN on-Lethal
Lethal Engagement of PrepareCOAs
Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats ROC 02 Cn
UomnduncnteC oM opaenreautivveer DeS
teucrfta/cIeDT/hA
resastsess Time-SeE nsgita
ivg
eSuern fatcoefThreats
(Pa atrold/E scort) ROC 01 ConductEU nm anmneedntN on-Lethal ROC 05
Conduct MannedManeuver Conduct CooperativeManned- D
isistrsib Coandn uct-C oom perantievde Time-Senn sgita
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eeS urfacoefThreats
(ISR) UnmannedNon-Lethal Engagement of M iounteP/laD
nisss/eO
minearte
rd s ManM
eun vere(dP U
an
trola/nE scort) ConductLe CooapleErnativegeU nmannfedNon-ROC 03
Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats Time-Sth ensitivega Surfm aceentTo
hreats

objectives
Conduct Unmanned
Maneuver (ISR) ConductMa (In
SnRe)dManeuver Unm ConnndeudcN
tCo-oLpeethraatilvEeMagnenm ed-ntof
CoMnd Taime-Senson itiveSu rfacnega Threae
ts
Conduct Cooperative Conduct MannedLethal Engagement ROC 02 au
ncetuvUenrm
(ISanRn)ed
UnmannedManeuver (ISR) of Co
Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats Unm an
ndnuecdtMCaonoepuevre
artiv(IeSR) ConductMannedo LfethalEngagement
Conduct Cooperative C oa
nnductConom pen rantievde Time-SensitiveS urfaceThreats
Manned-Unmanned M Manneedu-U
ver(Ia ConducntgU nm anennetdofLethal
Conduct UnmannedLethal SR )
Maneuver (ISR) Engagement of Time-SeE nsitaivg
eeS
m urfaceThreats ROC 03
Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats CondL uecth
tCoopnegra atieveU nmafnned
Time-S enaslitE
iveSg urfmaceentTo
hreats
Conduct CooperativeUnmanned ConadnuncetdC oopaelraE
tivgeMam nnendt-of
Lethal Engagement of UTn
im
m e-SensLiteivth eS urnfacaegeThre
eats
Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats
Conduct CooperativeManned-
UnmannedLethal Engagement of
Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats MESFManned-UnM m
isasnionnedPhCaosoepserative,Semi-AutonomousGOPLATDefense Plan Execute(Patrol/ISR)
Units/Platforms/Systems

• Ea ch m ission pla n / CONOP / La n e s

NT
NTA
A1.5.4ConndduuccttM Deafrietnim
seeLawEnforcement
GOPLAT(s) N
NTA661...334...118..32CoP
TA Pro
rovteidcet/S
Heacrb ure
orODepfeera
nstieonaanldyP
CorirtticSaelcInusrittaylations,Facilities,andSystems ? CoM
ord
ESW
Fith
NT
TA
A11..55..54..11.C
3oPnroduvicdtePA
are
troalsSecurity
NTA5.3.9.3PlanTacticalOperations NTA1.2.12ManeuverinFormation N
2
MER
SC
F/CR
raAfC
t#1/S
(LO
eC
a-R
d)) Uipslsoiaodn rtao UpMonitorS / MonitorS /
(S
U B
F riefeM
s:is2ssx,ioM
nESFCraft,standardloadout fPore
panre
rU USaV
derw y M UnPdre
erw
psay Sortie M
PaantreoulvAere MadnaeteuvU
ersV CoopPatrol M
SeonnsitoorrD
UaStV
a UpSdeantesoU
rsV
CooLrdCS
With C
GoO
oP
rdLA
wTitsh SAitsusaetsiosn UpdateTOC
xoTrc
L2C SUiS
nV thesAeO nsO
o,rso,pneorant-linegth1axlT+UlA etV h,aslewnesaoprsonspayload (Payload)

COA describes a pa th through

PlanMission CUOA NVOPS:MESsFuC ra
T
T US VsperoxvteidnedsM ErvSF eiflstaepnnacsteroors
aln+,dpAro
cuotvm
o/S emi-AutocooperativeTUSVpatrol
idbeactoIDmbatIDandengagement C
ooperativretoly

No d e s
M
CE/SR
FAC
Cra/fS
t#O
2C-R) fPore
panreUSaV UnPdre
erw
psay Sortie M M
SeonnsitoorrD
UaStV
(SUR rU derw y PaantreoulvAere
a CoopPatrol a

UnPdre
erw DM
ow nload DM
ownload Auto-Coorpto
TUSV#1 psay ainsesuiovner) (Paisysloioand) Sortie M
PaantreoulvAere
AuP
toa-C
troolop SeTnrasonrsm
Daitta R
Seendsiroers
ct

the va rious steps in the m ission

(M a

UnPdre
erw DM
ow nload DM
ownload Auto-Coorpto
TUSV#2 psay (Mainsesuiovner) (Paisysloioand) Sortie M
PaantreoulvAere
a
AuP
toa-C
troolop SeTnrasonrsm
Daitta R
Seendsiroers
ct

S ys te m s MESFTOC
NTA5.3.9.3PlanTacticalOperations
PlanMissions D DisiO
ssterim
bunteat/e
rdeirs
Uipslsoiaodn
M
(M
aneuver) SortieUSVs SuM
rvoeniiltoarncTeUA
NTA1.2.8ConductTacticalReconnaissanceandSurveilance
DV
ata pM
U
M
onitorS
adnaeteuvU
/
ersV
M
SeonnsitoorrD
UaStV
a pM
U
M
onitorS
adnaeteuvU
/
ersV
M
podnaittoerIM
U ntiesnstiioonns/ UpdateCTF

(FireScout//T
U
S
M aAU
cR nVE
#1
AaSg)le/STUAS PreflightPreps DM
(M
ow nload
ainsesuiovner)
Upislsoiaodn
M
(Payload) Launch A
Suutrvo-M
eilaannecuevA
ere
rtao Sem
Pai-tA
roulto- SeTnrasonrsm
Daitta Maneuver
(TBD)
NTA5.3.9.3PlanTacticalOperations
LCS PTreUflA
igVht Upislsoiaodn Uipslsoiaodn stM onitorU / CoM
ord pM
daaontneeiutT
oU
r/
PlanMission M
(M
aneuver) M
(M
aneuver) LaunchTUAV SD
uirveriibluatnecT
eDAaV
ta ESW
Fith SAitsusaetsiosn UpdateCTF UM versAV
(TBD)

SoS
NTA5.3DetermineandPlanActionsandOperations NTA5.1.3.1MaintainandDisplayTacticalPicture
Distributeat/e M
CTF-56 InteD
nitsiosnesm/inO
rders isosniiotonrs
M MonitorCOP M
podnaittoerIM
U ntiesnstiioonns/ M
podnaittoerIM
U ntiesnstiioonns/
(Constructive)
NTA5.3DetermineandPlanActionsandOperations

• New/upgraded systems
JFMCC Distributeat/e M
(C2FMOC) InteD
nitsiosnesm/inO
rders isosniiotonrs
M MonitorCOP

Identify and Architecture

evaluate
alternative MESFManned-UnmannedCooperative,Semi-AutonomousGOPLATDefense
MissionPhases
Units/Platforms/Systems
NTA1.5.4ConductDefense
NTA1.4.8ConductMaritimeLawEnforcement
Plan Execute(Patrol/ISR)
• Identify specific
systems
GOPLAT(s) NTA6.3.1.2Protect/SecureOperationalyCriticalInstalations,Facilities,andSystems ? CoordWith
NTA6.3.1.3ProvideHarborDefenseandPortSecurity MESF
NTA1.5.4.1.3ProvideAreaSecurity

approaches to
NTA5.3.9.3PlanTacticalOperations NTA1.2.12ManeuverinFormation NTA1.5.5.1ConductPatrols
2

schedules
MESFCraft#1(Lead) PrepareUSV Upload Underway Maneuverto UpMdoanteitoUrS/V MonitorUSV UpMdoanteitoUrS/V CoordWith Coordwith Assess
(SURC/RAC/SOC-R) BriefMission forUnderway Mission Preps Sortie PatrolArea Maneuvers CoopPatrol SensorData Sensors LCS GOPLATs Situation UpdateTOC
Forces:2xMESFCraft,standardloadout (Payload)
2xTUSVs,sensors,non-lethal+lethalweaponspayload

supporting the
LCSintheAOO,operating1xTUAV,sensors
PlanMission
CONOPS:MESFCraftpatrol+Auto/Semi-AutocooperativeTUSVpatrol
TUAVprovidessurveilanceandcombatID
MESFCraft#2 TUSVsextendMESFsensors,providecombatIDandengagement PrepareUSV Underway Cooperatively MonitorUSV
(SURC/RAC/SOC-R) forUnderway Preps Sortie Maneuverto CoopPatrol SensorData
PatrolArea

organizing and TUSV#1 Underway

Preps

Underway
Download
Mission
(Maneuver)

Download
Download
Mission
(Payload)

Download
Sortie
Auto-Coop
Maneuverto
PatrolArea

Auto-Coop
Auto-Coop
Patrol

Auto-Coop
Transmit
SensorData

Transmit
Redirect
Sensors

Redirect
capability
objectives and
TUSV#2 Preps Mission Mission Sortie Maneuverto Patrol SensorData Sensors

augmenting
(Maneuver) (Payload) PatrolArea
NTA5.3.9.3PlanTacticalOperations
Distribute/ Upload MonitorTUAV Monitor/ MonitorUSV Monitor/ MonitorMission/
MESFTOC PlanMissions Disseminate Mission SortieUSVs SurveilanceData UpdateUSV SensorData UpdateUSV UpdateIntentions UpdateCTF
Orders (Maneuver) Maneuvers Maneuvers

align them to
NTA1.2.8ConductTacticalReconnaissanceandSurveilance
TUAV#1 Download Upload Auto-Maneuverto Semi-Auto- Transmit
(FireScout/ScanEagle/STUAS

systems to meet
PreflightPreps Mission Mission Launch SurveilanceArea Patrol SensorData Maneuver
/MRUAS) (Maneuver) (Payload)
(TBD)
NTA5.3.9.3PlanTacticalOperations

functionality
LCS PlanMission Preflight Upload
Mission
Upload
Mission LaunchTUAV
Monitor/
DistributeTUAV CoordWith Assess Monitor/
UpdateCTF UpdateTUAV
TUAV (Maneuver) (Maneuver) SurveilanceData MESF Situation Maneuvers
(TBD)
NTA5.3DetermineandPlanActionsandOperations NTA5.1.3.1MaintainandDisplayTacticalPicture
Distribute/

SoS needs
CTF-56 Disseminate Monitor MonitorCOP MonitorMission/ MonitorMission/
Missions UpdateIntentions UpdateIntentions

needs
Intentions/Orders
(Constructive)
NTA5.3DetermineandPlanActionsandOperations
JFMCC Distribute/ Monitor
Disseminate Missions MonitorCOP
(C2FMOC) Intentions/Orders

20

• New system interfaces

addressing capability
Mission/SoS
Architecture/Engineering

gaps
Negotiate with systems to make
changes to support mission
performance improvement
• Plan coordinated capability package
for mission improvement
• Coordinate technical, program and
budget plans

Planning and funding coordinated changes in systems

– ‘Capability package’ which cross systems owners and
© 2017 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. development schedules Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited 17-3712-15
 |8|

Key Activities in ME Process

A key starting point for ME is understanding current state of mission
– Operational mission objectives and CONOPS (mission threads)
– Current and planned systems
– Identifying critical, priority mission gaps
Baseline current SoS Against
Mission Objectives
• Assess end-to-end performance of
Technical assessment SoS to implement mission
effects/kill chain Tracking
of options and trades • Identify gaps
implementation,
– Fault isolating integration and test
System Acquisition Operations

sources of gaps Evaluate options and trades

across the SoS to improve or ? Implement changes in
– Given independence
– Assessing alternative sustain mission performance
• New TTP for the SoS
systems, integrate and
test updated SoS
of systems and
• Reconfiguration of SoS development
Identify Systems Contributing

approaches to
to Capability Objectives

mission capability
Observe Plan Execute Sustain

Command&Control Command&Control Command&Control Command&Control

ObserveBattlespace Manned- UnmannedForces Manned- UnmannedForces Manned- UnmannedForces Manned- UnmannedForces Recover / Reconsitute
(MissionPlanning) (Patrol / Escort) (Engagement) (Recover / Reconstitute)

• Specify how current

Distribute/ Disseminate Assess Battlespace/ Distribute/ Disseminate Conduct MannedManeuver Distribute/ Disseminate Distribute/ Disseminate
Battlespace/ Threat Data Threats/ Mission Maneuver Orders (Patrol / Escort) Engagement Orders Assess Engagement Effects Recovery/ Reconstitution
Requirements Orders
Observe Plan Execute Sustain
Conduct Unmanned
Maneuver (Patrol / Escort)

systems support
Conduct MannedNon-Lethal
PrepareCOAs Engagement of
Conduct Cooperative Detect / ID/ Assess Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats ObserveBattlespace ManC
n(eo
dm
M
mannm
is-sU
da&
ionP
Contro
lnannendinF
go
l Com
)rces Manne(d
mannm
Pa-trU
d&nn
ol/a
Control
Esceodrt)Forces ManC
neodm-m
(E
anda&
nU
gnam nnC
gem
ontrol
eendt)Forces nC
Ma(Rneeo mmannm
cdov-eU
da&
r/Re nC
cnoeosdntitrF
n
olrces
tuote ) Recover/Reconsitute
UnmannedManeuver SurfaceThreats
(Patrol / Escort) Conduct UnmannedNon-Lethal
Engagement of AsT
shersesats
Ba/ttlM
espace/ D
eicso
trvib
eu
ryteO
//rRDisseminate
Conduct Cooperative Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats BD
aittlstreisbpuatece/Dishsre
/T em
atinD
aate
ta Require meisnstsion
DistrM
ibaunte
eu/veD
risO
sredm
erisnate Condu(P
ctaM
troaln/nE
ed
scM
oa
rt)neuver DisEtrnigbaugteem
/D
enistsO
erminra
de ste AssessEngagementEfects R deecrsonstitution
Distribute/ Disseminate Manned-Unmanned ROC 01 ROC 05 ROC 05 ROC 05

the capability
MissionPlans/ Orders C
Maneuver (Patrol / Escort) Conduct CooperativeUnmannedNon- Man eounvdeurc(P
tU
atrnm
ola/nE nsecdort)
ConductnM annm edenN on-Lethal
Lethal Engagement of PrepareCOAs
Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats ROC 02 Cnom
U nduncnteC oM op erativveer DeS
teucrfta/cIeDT/hA
resastsess Time-SeE nsg ita
ivgeeS urfatcoefThreats
(Pa atrold/E sacnoeru
t) ROC 01 ConductEU nm anm needntN on-Lethal ROC 05
Conduct MannedManeuver Conduct CooperativeManned- D
isistrsib Coa ndnuct-C oopa erantievde Time-Senn sgita
ivgeeS urfacoefThreats
(ISR) UnmannedNon-Lethal Engagement of M iounteP/laD
nisss/eO
minearte
rd s ManMeun vere(dP U
atrnm
ol/nE scort) ConductLC oopera tivaegeU nmannfedNon-ROC 03
Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats Time-S eth
enaslitE
ivnegS urfm aceentTo
hreats

objectives
Conduct Unmanned
Maneuver (ISR) ConductMa(InSnR e)dManeuver Unm ConnndeudcN
tCno-oLpeeth raatilvEeMannede-ntof
CoM
ndauncetuU Taime-Seno sitiveSu rfacnegaTgherem
ats
Conduct Cooperative Conduct MannedLethal Engagement ROC 02 venrm(Ia
SnR n)ed
UnmannedManeuver (ISR) of Co
Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats Unm an
nd
nuecdtM Caonoepuevre
artiv(IeSR) ConductMannedo LfethalEngagement
Conduct Cooperative C oa
nn
ductConom perantievde Time-SensitiveS urfaceThreats
Manned-Unmanned M Manneedu-U
ver(IaSnR ConducntgU nm anennetdofLethal
Conduct UnmannedLethal )
Maneuver (ISR) Engagement of Time-SeE nsitaivgeeS
m urfaceThreats ROC 03
Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats CondL uecth
tCoopnegraagtieve Unmafnned
Time-S enaslitE
iveSurfm aceentTo
hreats
Conduct CooperativeUnmanned ConadnuncetdC oopa elraEtivg
eMam nnendt-of
Lethal Engagement of UTn
im
m e-SensLiteivth eS urn
facaegeThre
eats
Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats
Conduct CooperativeManned-
UnmannedLethal Engagement of
Time-SensitiveSurfaceThreats MESFManned-UM nm
isasnionnedPhCaosoepserative,Semi-AutonomousGOPLATDefense Plan Execute(Patrol/ISR)
Units/Platforms/Systems

• Ea ch m ission pla n / CONOP / La n e s

NT
NTA
A1.5.4ConndduuccttM Deafrietnim
seeLawEnforcement
GOPLAT(s) N
NTA661...334...118..32CoP
TA Pro
rovteidcet/S
Heacrb ure
orODepfeeranstieonaanldyP
CorirtticSaelcInusrittaylations,Facilities,andSystems ? CoM
ord
ESW
Fith
NT
TA
A11..55..54..11.C
3oPnroduvicdtePA
are
troalsSecurity
NTA5.3.9.3PlanTacticalOperations NTA1.2.12ManeuverinFormation N
2
MER
SC
F/CR
raAfC
t#1/S
(LO
eC
a-R
d)) Uipslsoiaodn rtao UpMonitorS / MonitorS /
(S
U B
F riefeM
s:is2sxioMnESFCraft,standardloadout fP
ore
panre
rU USaV
derw y M UnPdre
erw
psay Sortie M
PaantreoulvAere MadnaeteuvU
ersV CoopPatrol M
SeonnsitoorrD
UaStV
a UpSdeantesoU
rsV
CooLrdW
CSith C
GoO
oP
rdLA
wTitsh SAitsusaetsiosn UpdateTOC
xoTrc
L2C SUiS
nVthse,sAeO nsO
o,rso,pneorant-linegth1axlT+UlA etV h,aslewnesaoprsonspayload (Payload)

COA describes a pa th through

PlanMission CUOA NVOPS:MESsFuC ra
T
T US VsperoxvteidnedsM ErvSF eiflstaepnnacsteroors
aln+,dpAro
cuotvm
o/S emi-AutocooperativeTUSVpatrol
idbeactoIDmbatIDandengagement C
ooperativretoly

No d e s
M
CE/SR
FAC
Cra/fS
t#O
2C-R) fP
ore
panreUSaV UnPdre
erw
psay Sortie M M
SeonnsitoorrD
UaStV
(SUR rU derw y PaantreoulvAere
a CoopPatrol a

UnPdre
erw DM
ow nload DM
ownload Auto-Coorpto
TUSV#1 psay ainsesuiovner) (Paisysloioand) Sortie M
PaantreoulvAere
AuP
toa-C
troolop SeTnrasonrsm
Daitta R
Seendsiroers
ct

the va rious steps in the m ission

(M a

UnPdre
erw DM
ow nload DM
ownload Auto-Coorpto
TUSV#2 psay (Mainsesuiovner) (Paisysloioand) Sortie M
PaantreoulvAere
a
AuP
toa-C
troolop SeTnrasonrsm
Daitta R
Seendsiroers
ct

S ys te m s MESFTOC
NTA5.3.9.3PlanTacticalOperations
PlanMissions D DisiO
ssterim
bute/
rdeirsnate
Uipslsoiaodn
M
(M
aneuver) SortieUSVs SuM
rvoeniiltoarnT
NTA1.2.8ConductTacticalReconnaissanceandSurveilance
ceUA
DV
ata pM
U
M
onitorS
adnaeteuvU
/
ersV
M
SeonnsitoorrD
UaStV
a pM
U
M
onitorS
adnaeteuvU
/
ersV
M
podnaittoerIM
U ntiesnstiioonns/ UpdateCTF

(FireScout//TS
U
M aAU
cR nVE
#1
AaSg)le/STUAS PreflightPreps DM
(M
ow nload
ainsesuiovner)
Uipslsoiaodn
M
(Payload) Launch A
Suutrvo-M
eilaannecuevA
ere
rtao SeP
m
ai-tA
roulto- SeTnrasonrsm
Daitta Maneuver
(TBD)
NTA5.3.9.3PlanTacticalOperations
LCS PTreUfA
ligVht Uipslsoiaodn Uipslsoiaodn stM onitorU / CoM
ord pM
daaontneeiutT
oU
r/
PlanMission M
(M
aneuver) M
(M
aneuver) LaunchTUAV SD
uirveriibluatnecT
eDAaV
ta ESW
Fith SAitsusaetsiosn UpdateCTF UM versAV
(TBD)

SoS
NTA5.3DetermineandPlanActionsandOperations NTA5.1.3.1MaintainandDisplayTacticalPicture
Distributeat/e M
CTF-56 InteD
nitsiosnesm/inO
rders isosniiotonrs
M MonitorCOP M
podnaittoerIM
U ntiesnstiioonns/ M
podnaittoerIM
U ntiesnstiioonns/
(Constructive)
NTA5.3DetermineandPlanActionsandOperations

• New/upgraded systems
JFMCC Distributeat/e M
(C2FMOC) InteD
nitsiosnesm/inO
rders isosniiotonrs
M MonitorCOP

Identify and Architecture

evaluate
alternative MESFManned-UnmannedCooperative,Semi-AutonomousGOPLATDefense
MissionPhases
Units/Platforms/Systems
NTA1.5.4ConductDefense
NTA1.4.8ConductMaritimeLawEnforcement
Plan Execute(Patrol/ISR)
• Identify specific
systems
GOPLAT(s) NTA6.3.1.2Protect/SecureOperationalyCriticalInstalations,Facilities,andSystems ? CoordWith
NTA6.3.1.3ProvideHarborDefenseandPortSecurity MESF
NTA1.5.4.1.3ProvideAreaSecurity

approaches to
NTA5.3.9.3PlanTacticalOperations NTA1.2.12ManeuverinFormation NTA1.5.5.1ConductPatrols
2

schedules
MESFCraft#1(Lead) PrepareUSV Upload Underway Maneuverto UpMdoanteitoUrS/V MonitorUSV UpMdoanteitoUrS/V CoordWith Coordwith Assess
(SURC/RAC/SOC-R) BriefMission forUnderway Mission Preps Sortie PatrolArea Maneuvers CoopPatrol SensorData Sensors LCS GOPLATs Situation UpdateTOC
Forces:2xMESFCraft,standardloadout (Payload)
2xTUSVs,sensors,non-lethal+lethalweaponspayload

supporting the
LCSintheAOO,operating1xTUAV,sensors
PlanMission
CONOPS:MESFCraftpatrol+Auto/Semi-AutocooperativeTUSVpatrol
TUAVprovidessurveilanceandcombatID
MESFCraft#2 TUSVsextendMESFsensors,providecombatIDandengagement PrepareUSV Underway Cooperatively MonitorUSV
(SURC/RAC/SOC-R) forUnderway Preps Sortie Maneuverto CoopPatrol SensorData
PatrolArea

organizing and TUSV#1 Underway

Preps

Underway
Download
Mission
(Maneuver)

Download
Download
Mission
(Payload)

Download
Sortie
Auto-Coop
Maneuverto
PatrolArea

Auto-Coop
Auto-Coop
Patrol

Auto-Coop
Transmit
SensorData

Transmit
Redirect
Sensors

Redirect
capability
objectives and
TUSV#2 Preps Mission Mission Sortie Maneuverto Patrol SensorData Sensors

augmenting
(Maneuver) (Payload) PatrolArea
NTA5.3.9.3PlanTacticalOperations
Distribute/ Upload MonitorTUAV Monitor/ MonitorUSV Monitor/ MonitorMission/
MESFTOC PlanMissions Disseminate Mission SortieUSVs SurveilanceData UpdateUSV SensorData UpdateUSV UpdateIntentions UpdateCTF
Orders (Maneuver) Maneuvers Maneuvers

align them to
NTA1.2.8ConductTacticalReconnaissanceandSurveilance
TUAV#1 Download Upload Auto-Maneuverto Semi-Auto- Transmit
(FireScout/ScanEagle/STUAS

systems to meet
PreflightPreps Mission Mission Launch SurveilanceArea Patrol SensorData Maneuver
/MRUAS) (Maneuver) (Payload)
(TBD)
NTA5.3.9.3PlanTacticalOperations

functionality
LCS PlanMission Preflight Upload
Mission
Upload
Mission LaunchTUAV
Monitor/
DistributeTUAV CoordWith Assess Monitor/
UpdateCTF UpdateTUAV
TUAV (Maneuver) (Maneuver) SurveilanceData MESF Situation Maneuvers
(TBD)
NTA5.3DetermineandPlanActionsandOperations NTA5.1.3.1MaintainandDisplayTacticalPicture
Distribute/

SoS needs
CTF-56 Disseminate Monitor MonitorCOP MonitorMission/ MonitorMission/
Missions UpdateIntentions UpdateIntentions

needs
Intentions/Orders
(Constructive)
NTA5.3DetermineandPlanActionsandOperations
JFMCC Distribute/ Monitor
Disseminate Missions MonitorCOP
(C2FMOC) Intentions/Orders

20

• New system interfaces

addressing capability
Mission/SoS
Architecture/Engineering

gaps
Negotiate with systems to make
changes to support mission
performance improvement
• Plan coordinated capability package
for mission improvement
• Coordinate technical, program and
budget plans

Planning and funding coordinated changes in systems

– ‘Capability package’ which cross systems owners and
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 |9|

SoSE Technical Approaches to Address ME

Technical assessment
of options and trades
 Scalable model-based approaches to
– Fault isolating sources
SoS architecture representation
of gaps
– Assessing alternative  Analytic approaches to SoS architecture
approaches to assessment
addressing capability
gaps
 Assessing impacts of SoS architecture
changes on operational mission
outcomes
 Mission environment
 Composition
 Mission ‘web’
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 | 10 |

Model-Based SoSE
SysML Model SoSE Model: Systems Behavior
Structure
 For SoSE purposes, SysML model represents an
unambiguous, structured, executable, digital
SV-10b:
representation of the SoS system architecture
Systems State
Transition
Description Architecture Elements Single Data
for
a Weapon (Systems Structure) Repository (For
Future Analysis and
SoSE Model: SoS Interfaces Testing Activities)
Mapping of
Architecture Elements Model
State Machine Diagrams
to Operational
(Systems Behavior)
Activities (Structure to
Behavior)
SV-1: Systems Interface Description Operational Activities Element Interactions via
(Systems Behavior) Model Execution (Verification,
Validation, and Visibility)

SoSE Model: End-to-End

SoS Implementation
“SysML Executable Systems of Systems
Architecture Definition: A Working Example”
SV-10c: Systems
Event Trace
Description IEEE International Systems Conference
Sequence Diagram from the Executing Model
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http://2017.ieeesyscon.org/
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 | 11 |

Model-Based SoSE
Why is this important for
SysML Model
Structure mission
 For engineering?
SoSE Model: Systems Behavior

SoSE purposes, SysML model represents

• The systems composed into an SoS anarchitecture
unambiguous, structured,
to support a missionexecutable,
are typically digital
drawn from a variety of specialty representation of the SoS
areas (sensors, weapons, system architecture,
platforms,
including…
SV-10b:
communications) and diverse organizations
Systems State
Transition
which bring various perspectives to
the mission Description
for
Architecture Elements
a Weapon Single Data
• Specificity provided by models can Structure)
(Systems help avoid misunderstandings aboutRepository (For
SoSE Model: SoS Interfaces Future Analysis and
system behavior, system interactions/interfaces (Have I addressed all the Testing Activities)
needed interfaces to execute the endofto end sequence of actions? Value of
Mapping
executable) Architecture Model
Elements to State Machine Diagrams
• A model allows for representation Operational
of the complexity of the interrelations among (Systems Behavior)
Activities
systems in the mission, reflecting the
SV-1: Systems Interface Description variety of paths in the ‘mission web’
(Structure to
Operational Activities
• It is important to have a commonly understood
Behavior) representation
(Systems Behavior) providing both the
mission engineer and the constituent systems engineers a cross cutting integrated
SoSE Model: End-to-End
view across the systems and how they areSysML
SoS Implementation expected to be employed
Executable Systemsin a of
mission
Systems
context
SV-10c: Systems Architecture Definition: A Working Example
Event Trace
Description
• Value of standards-based modeling approaches
IEEE International Systems Conference
Sequence Diagram from the Executing Model
© 2017 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. http://2017.ieeesyscon.org/
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Scalable Model-Based SoSE
 A key enabler of model-based SoSE is the ability to efficiently develop
large complex SoS architecture model
The effort required to build SoS
architecture models can be reduced by
starting the modeling process with a
reusable base model template,
independently of the architecture size
Reusable Base Model
Base Model
10 Node Scenario
© 2017 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.
| 12 |
See NDIA paper XYZ for
technical details
Tools can facilitate integration of SoS connectivity
information into MBE tools, tightening the
coupling between subject matter experts (SMEs),
software engineers, and analysts -- comma
separated variable (CSV) importer tool
CSV Conceptualize SoS Architecture Run CSV Importer Utility to
automatically generate model/
Importer Architecture
100 Node Scenario
Add Connectivity Framework
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 | 13 |

See NDIA paper 19804 for

Scalable Model-Based SoSE technical details

 A key enabler of model-based SoSE is the ability to efficiently develop

Why
large is thisSoS
complex important for model
architecture mission engineering?
•
Missions
The effort cantobebuild
required large and comprise many systems, and the time required to
SoS Tools can facilitate integration of SoS connectivity
develop a model framework
architecture models can be reduced by for each mission architecture
information can raise
into MBE tools, the cost
tightening the of
entry
starting the for use ofprocess
modeling modelswith
to support
a mission engineering
coupling between subject matter experts (SMEs),
reusable base model template, software engineers, and analysts -- comma
• Gathering the needed data
independently of the architecture size to understand the current
separated variablestate
(CSV)ofimporter
a large mission
tool
can be difficult given the diversity of knowledgeable mission stakeholders.
Reusable Base Model CSV Conceptualize SoS Architecture Run CSV Importer Utility to

•
Base Model Providing intuitive tools to allowImporter
stakeholders to share
knowledge in a way automatically generate model/
Architecture

familiar to them can build confidence and speed knowledge gathering

10 Node Scenario 100 Node Scenario

• Automated transform directly into a model again lowers the cost of entry for
large mission architecture, and reduces likelihood of errors or Add Connectivity Framework
misunderstandings

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 | 14 |

Analytic Approaches to SoS Architecture Assessment

(1 of 2)

 Representing SoS architecture in a model

Establish baseline
SoS architecture architecture alternatives
opens the options for analysis
– Interfacing a SoS model with other tools to
assess performance, cost, other aspects of the
SoS, provides a shared representation of the
architectures for analysis from different
perspectives
– Developing approaches to assess alternative
architectures is a challenge for the perspective
Generate SoS of scalability

SoS graph abstraction

and network analysis
Inform prioritization of
Detailed evaluation with
– How do you identify viable options for more
alternatives using lightweight
analytics
M&S environment
detailed analysis when there is such a large
Informed architecture selection trade space?
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 | 15 |

Analytic Approaches to SoS Architecture Assessment (2

| 11 |

Technical Approach
of Increase
2) confidence in system resiliency through MBE analysis
 Use of architecture data in
Thread Simulation Graph Theoretic Approach

Available Communication Methods

Notional Representation

Link 11
Weapon (1)
•
•
•
•
Link 16
SATCOM
HF Radio
VHF Radio
a graph theoretic analysis
VHF Radio • Link 16
• SATCOM
MagicDraw C2 (2) • HF Radio
• VHF Radio
• Link 11
HF
Radio
• Link 16
SATCOM CO (3) • SAT COM
• Link 11
| 11 |
• Link 16
Link 16
ch
• SATCOM
Sensor (4) • HF Radio
• VHF Radio
• Link 11

Identify Patterns and Inform Mitigation Strategies Identify vulnerable assets within the Army Network Architecture
n system resiliency through MBE analysis
© 2017 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. For Internal MITRE Use.

VHF HF
Graph Theoretic Approach Radio Radio Link 11 Link 16 SATCOM
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
VHF Radio
Notional Representation 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
HF Radio
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Link 11 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

MagicDraw 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Link 16
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
SATCOM

See NDIA paper 19802 for

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

technical details
VHF SATCOM
Link 16 Link 11 HF Radio
Radio

ategies Identify vulnerable assets within the Army Network Architecture

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 | 16 |
| 11 |

Analytic Approaches to SoS Architecture Assessment

Technical Approach
Increase confidence in system resiliency through MBE analysis

 Use of architecture data in

Thread Simulation Graph Theoretic Approach

Available Communication Methods

Why is this important for mission engineering?

Notional Representation

a graph theoretic analysis Link 11

Weapon (1)
•
•
•
•
Link 16
SATCOM
HF Radio
VHF Radio

VHF Radio • Link 16

• Scale and complexity of missions require trades across multiple metrics and
• SATCOM
MagicDraw C2 (2) • HF Radio
• VHF Radio
• Link 11
HF

many solution options Radio

SATCOM CO (3)
•
•
•
Link 16
SAT COM
Link 11
| 11 |
• Link 16

ch • Lightweight analytic tools leverage architecture data to enable an initial Link 16

Sensor (4)
•
•
•
•
SATCOM
HF Radio
VHF Radio
Link 11

quantification
Identify Patterns and Inform Mitigation Strategiesof mission
n system resiliency through MBE analysis
impacts
Identify vulnerable due
assets within the Army toArchitecture
Network architecture changes
© 2017 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. For Internal MITRE Use.

•Graph
This initial
Approachanalysis can be used to filter out undesirable architecture options
VHF HF
Theoretic Radio Radio Link 11 Link 16 SATCOM
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
VHF Radio

prior to investing resources to assess options with more detailed modeling and
Notional Representation
HF Radio
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0

simulation tools
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Link 11 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

MagicDraw 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Link 16
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
SATCOM

See NDIA paper XYZ for

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

technical details
VHF SATCOM
Link 16 Link 11 HF Radio
Radio

ategies Identify vulnerable assets within the Army Network Architecture

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 | 17 |

Linking SoS Architecture to Operational Outcomes

 Effectiveness of SoS for missions is based on mission outcomes

– SE analysis of SoS for missions addresses the technical feasibility of the SoS options
– Analyzing alternative SoS architectures or specific SoS compositions also needs to
consider the impact on mission outcomes, typically addressed in operational simulations or
test environments
– This includes developing automated interfaces between architecture models and
operational simulations, allowing for analysis of the effectiveness of the SoS in
representation scenarios, following proposed concepts of employment
– Examples include Rhapsody to ADSIM, more recently to AFSIM
JSON message
OTHR detections
System of Systems Model

Architecture switch(scenario) { system(“afsim scen.txt”)

Operations
case OTHR: process(“scen.evt”)
OTHR get_template() replay(“scen.rep”)
example make_scenario()
Rhapsody System Interactions SysML
break
…
Model Decisions ADSIM }

Action Sequences Mission Rhapsody ActiveMQ Broker AfsimAgent AfsimEngine

Level
Simulation
User Inputs
Vehicle Flight Motion radar lat: lon: JSON message
{ “scenario” : “OTHR”,
Sensors aircraft 1 lat: lon: “sensor_pos” : { “lat”: “xxx.x”, “lon”: “xxx.x” },
“mover_pos” : [
Communications aircraft 2 lat: lon: { “lat”: “xxx.x”, “lon”: “xxx.x” },
Engagements aircraft 3 lat: lon: { “lat”: “xxx.x”, “lon”: “xxx.x” },
{ “lat”: “xxx.x”, “lon”: “xxx.x” }
]
}

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 | 18 |

Linking SoS Architecture to Operational Outcomes

 Effectiveness
Why is this of SoS for missions
important is based
for mission on mission outcomes
engineering?
– SE analysis of SoS for missions addresses the technical feasibility of the SoS options
• Mission engineering is all about achieving user operational capability
– Analyzing alternative SoS architectures or specific SoS compositions also needs to
• consider
Ensuring thetechnical
impact onfeasibility is an important
mission outcomes, prerequisite
typically addressed in– operational
it is key that systems or
simulations
work
test together as planned based on engineering across the systems supporting
environments
the mission
– This includes developing automated interfaces between architecture models and
• operational
But it is keysimulations,
that the mission SoS
allowing forcomposition is effectiveness
analysis of the fit for purpose of in
thethe
SoSmission
in
environment –
representation physical,following
scenarios, threat, etc. – andconcepts
proposed when executed leads to the expected
of employment
mission outcomes
– Examples under anticipated
include Rhapsody conditions
to ADSIM, more recently to AFSIM
• Mission SoS architectures can be complex, and it can be time consuming and
JSON message
OTHR detections
System of Systems Model

error prone to have to manually instantiate these in today’s operational

Architecture
Rhapsody
Operations OTHR
example
switch(scenario) {
case OTHR:

break
get_template()
make_scenario()
system(“afsim scen.txt”)
process(“scen.evt”)
replay(“scen.rep”)

simulations
System Interactions SysML …
Model Decisions ADSIM }

Action Sequences Mission Rhapsody ActiveMQ Broker AfsimAgent AfsimEngine

Level
Simulation

• Automating this facilitates the conduct of the analysis of the mission effect or
User Inputs
Vehicle Flight Motion radar lat: lon: JSON message
{ “scenario” : “OTHR”,
Sensors aircraft 1 lat: lon: “sensor_pos” : { “lat”: “xxx.x”, “lon”: “xxx.x” },
“mover_pos” : [
Communications aircraft 2 lat: lon: { “lat”: “xxx.x”, “lon”: “xxx.x” },

proposed or alternative SoS compositions, and it allows operators and

Engagements aircraft 3 lat: lon: { “lat”: “xxx.x”, “lon”: “xxx.x” },
{ “lat”: “xxx.x”, “lon”: “xxx.x” }
]
}

commanders to see the proposed composition in their operation context

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 | 19 |

Summary

 Mission engineering is an application of SoSE with specific driving

characteristics
 As SoSE technical approaches and tools evolve, they provide valuable
capabilities to enable technically based approaches to addressing
mission engineering challenges

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 | 20 |

Abstract

In the US Department of Defense there is increased interest in mission engineering - the deliberate planning,
analyzing, organizing, and integrating of current and emerging operational and system capabilities to achieve
desired warfighting mission effects. The Components have implemented mission engineering in areas where there is a
critical interest in achieving mission capability such as ballistic missile defense or naval mission areas, and there is
growing interest in addressing a broad set of mission areas through the implementation of mission integration
management - the coordination all the programmatic elements - matching funding, schedules, technical improvements,
resources (technical staff, development and test infrastructure, M&S etc.) across the relevant mission systems and
supporting systems to develop, test, and field a phased set of mission capabilities. One element of this is engineering of
the systems of systems supporting the mission area.
This presentation outlines the key activities involved in mission engineering and describes opportunities for application
of systems of systems engineering technical approaches to these activities to provide the engineering base for
mission integration and mission management. In particular, mission engineering often emphasizes the definition of the key
activities need to execute the mission in the form of mission threads or kill/effects chains and assessing gaps in
mission performance. Less attention has been paid to the various patterns of mission activities and the engineering
required to identify and assess alternatives to addressing the gaps and engineering the SoS to implement the
preferred approach. Drawing on work within the MITRE Systems Engineering Technical Center’s model based
engineering center, this presentation will present approaches to developing, representing and evaluating systems of
systems architectures using model based methods and evaluating SoS configurations to address the functional needs of
the mission which provide a set of approaches to supporting mission engineering.

© 2017 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited 17-3712-15