CHAPTER

Differentiation
2
2.1 TANGENT LINES AND VELOCITY
2.2 THE DERIVATIVE
2.3 COMPUTATION OF DERIVATIVES: THE POWER
RULE
2.4 THE PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES
2.5 THE CHAIN RULE
2.6 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2.7 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

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 CHAPTER
Differentiation
2
2.8 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2.9 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Implicit Functions
Compare the following two equations describing familiar
curves:
y = x2 + 3 (parabola) and x2 + y2 = 4 (circle).

The first equation defines y as a function of x explicitly,

since for each x, the equation gives an explicit formula for
finding the corresponding value of y.

On the other hand, the second equation does not define a

function, since the circle doesn’t pass the vertical line test.

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Implicit Functions
However, you can solve for y and find at least two
functions that are defined implicitly by the equation
x2 + y2 = 4.

Now, find the slope of the

tangent line to the circle
x2 + y2 = 4 at the point

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
2.8
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Implicit Functions

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Implicit Functions
Alternatively, assuming the equation x2 + y2 = 4 defines one
or more differentiable functions of x: y = y(x), the equation
is x2 + [y(x)]2 = 4.
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
2.8
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Implicit Functions
This process of differentiating both sides of an equation
with respect to x and then solving for y(x) is called implicit
differentiation.

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.1 Finding a Tangent Line Implicitly
Find y’(x) for x2 + y3 − 2y = 3. Then, find the equation of the
tangent line at the point (2, 1).

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.1 Finding a Tangent Line Implicitly

Solution

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.1 Finding a Tangent Line Implicitly

Solution

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.4 Finding a Second Derivative Implicitly
Find y’’(x) implicitly for y2 + 2e−xy = 6. Then find the value
of y’’ at the point (0, 2).

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.4 Finding a Second Derivative Implicitly

Solution

Dividing out the common factor of 2 and differentiating

again, we get

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.4 Finding a Second Derivative Implicitly

Solution

We now solve for y’’(x) to get

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.4 Finding a Second Derivative Implicitly

Solution

Substitute x = 0 and y = 2 into (8.3) to get

from which we conclude that

Substitute x = 0, y = 2 and y’(0) =1 into (8.4) to get

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Derivative of sin−1 x
Begin by recalling the definition of sin−1 x:

Keeping in mind that y = sin–1 x, differentiate the equation

sin y = x implicitly,

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Derivative of sin−1 x

Solving this for dy/dx, we find (for cos y ≠ 0) that

Notice that for y ∈ [−π/2, π/2], cos y ≥ 0 and hence,

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Derivative of sin−1 x

This leaves us with

Since y = sin–1 x,

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Derivative of cos−1 x
We leave it as an exercise to show that

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Derivative of tan−1 x
Recall that

Using implicit differentiation,

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Derivative of tan−1 x

Solve this for dy/dx,

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Derivative of sec−1 x
You can likewise show that

This is left as an exercise.

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Derivatives of cot−1 x and csc−1 x

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.5 Finding the Derivative of an Inverse
Trigonometric Function
Compute the derivative of (a) cos−1(3x2), (b) (sec−1 x)2 and
(c) tan−1 (x3).

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.5 Finding the Derivative of an Inverse
Trigonometric Function
Solution
From the chain rule,

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.5 Finding the Derivative of an Inverse
Trigonometric Function
Solution
From the chain rule,

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.5 Finding the Derivative of an Inverse
Trigonometric Function
Solution
From the chain rule,

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.6 Modeling the Rate of Change of a
Ballplayer’s Gaze
One of the guiding principles of most sports is to “keep
your eye on the ball.”

In baseball, a batter stands 2 feet from home plate as a

pitch is thrown with a velocity of 130 ft/s (about 90 mph).

Assuming that the ball only moves horizontally, at what

rate does the batter’s angle of gaze need to change when
the ball crosses home plate?

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.6 Modeling the Rate of Change of a
Ballplayer’s Gaze
Solution

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND
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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 8.6 Modeling the Rate of Change of a
Ballplayer’s Gaze
Solution

When d(t) = 0 (i.e., when the ball is crossing home plate),

the rate of change is

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