CARBOHYDRATE

(Simple) Carbohydrate / Sugar / Saccharide

• Main source of energy for cellular reactions
• Made from Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen:
(CH2O)n
• SIMPLE
3 Carbons, 5 Carbons,
SUGARS 6 Carbons / Galactose / Fructose
•POLYMER
MONOSACCHARIDES: glucose, fructose, galactose
• DISACCHARIDES: maltose, lactose, sucrose from dimerization of
monomers
• OLIGOSACCHARIDES: more than 2 and less than 10
• POLYSACCHARIDES: storage forms of sugars
OLIGOSACCHARIDE
• Linked to protein in plasma membrane
• 2 cells are attached to each other or near each other = Allow for cell to cell interaction
• Sequence of oligosaccharide determines signature of cells (blood groups)
POLYSACCHARIDE
• ANIMAL CELLS: glycogen – polymer of glucose, synthesised in livers and muscles, source of storage of energy (protein crystal
structure)
• PLANT CELLS: starch – source of energy, can digest and hydrolyse to make monomers of simple sugar
• PLANT CELLS: cellulose – hard to digest so not source of energy, important for regulation of colon motility (fibre)
BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES MADE FROM GLUCOSE
POLYMERISATION 1
BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES MADE FROM GLUCOSE
POLYMERISATION
Signalling 2 Defence
MUCI
N

• Hydrated = Spread
out = Dynamic,
Open, Not rigid,
Increase surface
Signalling / Storage area so more
microvilli absorb
DEOXYRIB • = High molecular weight glycoproteins that are
O made by epithelial tissues and form hydrated
(attract water using negative charges) gel (wet
NUCLEIC lining – in lungs, gut) as a physical barrier to
ACID invading particles and pathogens

Energy
Storage GLUCOSE
AMYLOPEC • Since glucose is a relatively long molecule as
TIN a bishop projection = Groups within it can
react and change the shape of the molecule to
form a pyranose ring, forming α-D and β-D
glucoses
CARBOHYDRATE FUNCTION
Polysaccharide
• Used for energy storage (glycogen)
Ribose
• Found in ATP, RAD, NAD in energy
production, metabolism
• RNA backbone for protein
Deoxyribose
• DNA backbone
Oligo & Polysaccharide
• Immune system, Fertilisation, Blood clotting, Embryo development
• [** Blood Clotting – HEPARIN – endogenous anti-coagulant synthesised in body]
• [** importance of anti-coagulant – Inhibit & Regulate blood clotting]
• Some sulphate linkage
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM DISORDER
Diabetes Mellitus
• Insufficient insulin to regulate blood glucose OR Can’t metabolize glucose = Blood glucose levels
rise
Glycogen Storage Disease
• Cannot degrade it, use for energy = Accumulation of glycogen = Associated with growth defect & Symptoms
(weakness, tiredness, low blood sugar levels) = Mortality
Lactose Intolerance
• Lactose – disaccharide as main disaccharide in milk – as source of energy for infants
• Most infants have lactase – breaks down lactose into galactose & glucose
• Expression of lactase enzyme or its activity is reduced as grow older = Lose ability to digest lactose
• LACTOSE INTOLERANCE = Digestive problem where body is unable to digest lactose, causing flatulence
and diarrhoea (stomach cramps and pains, rumbling)
• Repeating dissacharide/sugar units that
form the long chain from the core protein
chain
• Most proteoglycan made of GCG but not
all
• GAG = proteoglycan
• Proteoglycan – lots of branches of sugar
• Way to differentiate between glycoprotein
and proteoglycan is proportion
• Defect on enzyme, processing of enzyme
so will not have mush sugar attached
which affect structure and development