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Chapter 10 Periodicity
Chapter 10 Periodicity
Chapter 10 Periodicity
THE PERIODIC
TABLE: CHEMICAL
PERIODICITY
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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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Properties of the
Elements in Period
3
● Elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing atomic
number and placed in vertical columns (groups) and horizontal rows
(periods)
● The elements across the periods show repeating patterns in chemical and
physical properties
The graph shows a decrease in atomic radii of Period 3 elements across the period
• Across the period, the atomic radii decrease
• This is because the number of protons (the nuclear charge) and the number
of electrons increases by one every time you go an element to the right
• The elements in a period all have the same number of shells (so the
shielding effect is the same)
• This means that as you go across the period the nucleus attracts the
electrons more strongly pulling them closer to the nucleus
• Because of this, the atomic radius (and thus the size of the atoms)
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● The ionic radius is the distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron of an ion
● Metals produce positively charged ions (cations) whereas nonmetals produce negatively charged
ions (anions)
● The cations have lost their valence electrons which causes them to be much smaller than their
parent atoms
● Because there are less electrons, this also means that there is less shielding of the outer electrons
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● Going across the period from Na+ to Si4+ the ions get smaller due to the
increasing nuclear charge attracting the outer electrons in the second
principal quantum shell nucleus (which has an increasing atomic number)
● The anions are larger than their original parent atoms because each atom has
gained one or more electrons in their third principal quantum shell
● This increases the repulsion between electrons, while the nuclear charge is
still the same, causing the electron cloud to spread out
● Going across P3- to Cl– the ionic radii decreases as the nuclear charge
increases across the period and less electrons are gained by the atoms (P gains
3 electrons, S 2 electrons and Cl 1 electron)
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Ionic radii of ions of Period
3 elements table
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Ions of Period 3 elements with increasing positive charge (metals) and increasing of
outer electrons across the period
The diagram shows the electron configuration of the ions of Period 3 elements and
their relative sizes
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Melting point
Melting points of the elements across Period 3 table
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• A general increase in melting
point for the Period 3 elements
up to silicon is observed
● Na will donate one electron into the ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons, Mg will
donate two and Al three electrons
● This is because the electrostatic forces between a 3+ ion and the larger
number of negatively charged delocalised electrons is much larger
compared to a 1+ ion and the smaller number of delocalised electrons in
Na
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● P, S, Cl and Ar are non-metallic elements and exist as simple molecules (P 4, S8, Cl2 and
Ar as a single atom)
● The covalent bonds within the molecules are strong, however, between the molecules,
there are only weak instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces
● Therefore, the melting points decrease going from P to Ar (note that the melting point
of S is higher than that of P as sulphur exists as larger S 8 molecules compared to the
smaller P4 molecule)
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Electrical conductivity
● Because of this, in Al there are more electrons available to move around through the
structure when it conducts electricity, making Al a better electrical conductor than Na
● Due to the giant molecular structure of Si, there are no delocalised electrons that can
freely move around within the structure
● The lack of delocalised electrons is also why P and S cannot conduct electricity
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Exam Tip
● The sodium melts into a ball and moves across the water surface until it
disappears
● The solution formed is strongly alkaline (pH 14) due to the sodium hydroxide
which is formed
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Exam Tip
Since aluminium
oxide does not react
or dissolve in water,
the oxide layer
protects the
aluminium metal from
corrosion.
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Period 3 Oxides & Hydroxides:
Acid/Base Behaviour
Period 3 oxides
● Aluminium oxide is amphoteric which means that it can act both as a base (and react with an
acid such as HCl) and an acid (and react with a base such as NaOH)
● Acidic & basic nature of the Period 3 oxides
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Reactions of the Period 3 oxides with acid/base table
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● The acidic and basic nature of the Period 3 elements can be explained by looking
at their structure, bonding and the Period 3 elements’ electronegativity
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● The difference in electronegativity between oxygen and Na, Mg and
Al is the largest
● The oxides of Si, P and S will share the electrons with the oxygen to
form covalently bonded oxides
● The giant ionic and giant covalent structured oxides will have high
melting points as it is difficult to break the structures apart
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The diagram shows the
structure of some Period
3 oxides
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● The oxides of Na and Mg which show purely ionic bonding produce alkaline solutions
with water as their oxide ions (O2-) become hydroxide ions (OH–):
● The oxides of P and S which show purely covalent bonding produce acidic solutions
with water because when these oxides react with water, they form an acid which
donates H+ ions to water
● The highly charged Al3+ ion becomes hydrated and causes a water molecule that is
bonded to the Al3+ to lose an H+ ion which turns the solution acidic
● The H+ and the Cl– form hydrogen chloride gas which is given off as white fumes
● The SiO2 is seen as a white precipitate and some of the hydrogen chloride gas
produced dissolves in water to form an acidic solution
Phosphorus(V) chloride
● PCl5 also gets hydrolysed in water
• The table shows that going from Al to S the bonding changes from metallic to
covalent and the structure changes from giant to simple structure
• Na, Mg and Al are metallic elements which form positive ions arranged in a giant
lattice in which the ions are held together by a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons around
them
• Since Al donates three electrons into the sea of delocalised electrons to form an ion
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with +3 charge, the electrostatic forces between the electrons and the aluminium ion
will be very strong
• The electrons in the ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons are those from the valence shell
of the atoms
• Na will donate one electron into the ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons, Mg will donate
two and Al three electrons
• This is because the electrostatic forces between a 3+ ion and the larger number of
negatively charged delocalised electrons are much larger compared to a 1+ ion
and the smaller number of delocalised electrons in Na
● The covalent bonds within the molecules are strong, however, between
the molecules there are only weak instantaneous dipole-induced dipole
forces
The diagram shows the simple molecular structure of structure of sulfur with covalent bonds between
phosphorus with covalent bonds between the atoms the atoms
Bonding in Period 3 Chlorides & Oxides
● Period 3 chlorides
The bonding and structure of the Period 3 elements are summarised in the table below:
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● The table shows that Na, Mg and Al are metallic elements which form positive
ions arranged in a giant lattice in which the ions are held together by a ‘sea’ of
delocalised electrons around them
● The electrons in the ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons are those from the valence
shell of the atoms
● Na will donate one electron into the ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons, Mg will
donate two and Al three electrons
● This is because the electrostatic forces between a 3+ ion and the larger
number of negatively charged delocalised electrons is much larger compared
to a 1+ ion and the smaller number of delocalised electrons in Na
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● The covalent bonds within the molecules are strong, however between
the molecules there are only weak instantaneous dipole-induced dipole
forces
● Going across the period the electrical conductivity of the elements decreases
due to lack of delocalised electrons
● If the chemical and physical properties of an element are known, the position of
that element in the Periodic Table can be predicted
● Similarly, predictions can be made about the physical and chemical properties of
elements if the position of the element in the Periodic Table is known
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The diagram shows a flowchart of how to use the position and/or properties of an
element to make predictions about its behaviour
Answer
● Break the question down and systematically approach the question
● Step 1: ‘Element X forms a chloride, which reacts with water to form a solution of pH 1’
The low pH of the solution formed suggests that the chloride is a non-metallic chloride (group 13 to 17)
● Step 2: ‘The oxide does not dissolve in or react with aqueous sodium hydroxide’
Since aluminium oxide does reaction with sodium hydroxide, element G cannot be Group 13
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● Step 3: It forms an oxide which has a melting point of 1610 °C’
This suggests a giant molecular (covalent) structure which corresponds to Group
14
● Note that this is an example of predicting the position of an element based on its
physical and chemical properties
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Answer
● Step 1: Selenium is a nonmetal in Group 16 and if compared to sulfur, its structure is predicted to
be a simple molecular structure
● Step 2: Physical properties of simple molecular structures are low melting points, do not conduct
electricity and are insoluble in water
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● Step 3: Chemical properties are:
○ Reaction with oxygen: reacts with oxygen to form an oxide of SeO 2 (if
compared with sulfur)
Answer 1:
Group 1 and 2 chlorides react with water to form colourless solutions of pH 6.5-7
Group 15 chlorides on the other hand react with water to form strong acidic
solutions
Element X therefore belongs to Group 15 of the Periodic Table
Answer 2:
Group 15 chlorides gets hydrolysed in water, therefore this is a hydrolysis reaction
Answer 3:
The white fumes that are given off during this reaction is hydrogen chloride gas
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THANK
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