INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
AFRICA
THE FIRST LEGALLY ELECTED PRIME
MINISTER OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF THE CONGO (DRC). HE ATTEMPTS TO
UNITE AND TO BREAK FREE OF THE
INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN POWERS
THAT ONCE COLONIZED THE CONTINENT.
HIS ASSASSINATION HAS AN IMPACT ON
CONGOLESE POLITICS SINCE THEN.
“ “PATRICE LUMUMBA”

• He was involved in armed struggle

”
to oust Idi Amin Dada, the coup
leader who overthrew Milton Obote
PATRICE LUMUMBA
and ushered in an eight-year reign
of terror in Uganda.
 “YOWERI KAGUTA MUSEVEN”

ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN SCIENCE

• Africa's intellectual revolutions are

considered as the base of knowledge in
modern science. Many fundamentals are
derived from the knowledge of ancient
civilization in Africa. This Intellectual
revolution helps humankind to advance and
develop their lives. It is also used in solving
complex problems that hinder human
civilization towards development.
CONTROVERSIES MET THE REVOLUTION
THERE ARE MANY FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE PROGRESS OF INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION IN AFRICA. POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC ISSUES MAY
PREVENT THE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Astronomy

Dogon people of Mali understand the details of the star system of Sirius.
They figured out that Sirius is a binary star system composed of two-star,
Sirius A and Sirius B. The Dogon people are also aware of the orbit system of
the two stars, and they based their rituals on it.
AFRICAN INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

AFRICAN CIVILIZATION IS CONSIDERED THE OLDEST CIVILIZATION ON THE EARTH. THE AFRICAN
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION IS KNOWN AS THE FIRST SOCIETAL INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION.
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT HAS VASTLY CONTRIBUTED TO THE EARLY KNOWLEDGE USED BY
HUMANKIND.
CHEMISTRY

THE EARLY USE OF CHEMISTRY DATES BACK TO THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATION OF

EGYPT. THE EGYPTIANS FIGURED OUT THE USE OF FIRE IN EXTRACTING COPPER
FROM THEIR ORES. THROUGH CHEMISTRY, THEY ALSO FOUND A WAY TO CREATE
SYNTHETIC PIGMENT USING CRUSHED MINERAL SALT AS THEIR MATERIAL.
METALLURGY

THE EARLIEST IRONWORKING SITE SO FAR WAS DISCOVERED IN CARTHAGE,

NORTH AFRICA. ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS FOUND IRON PRODUCTION
THAT DATES AROUND THE MIDDLE OF THE 8TH- CENTURY BCE. THE EVER-
GROWING PRODUCTION AND TRADE OF FORGED METAL STARTED THE IRON
AGE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.
Engineering

African developed a unique architectural development. The stone

architecture in Zimbabwe is the largest stone structure south of the
Sahara and was constructed somewhere in the 11th century. One of
the feats of these structures is they are not constructed with the use
of mortar which is popular at that time. They also develop the use of
Cubit measurement.
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
(MIDDLE EAST)
"THE ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE" (750-1258 C.E.)

NORIA (WATERMILL)/ SAGIVAH

THE ARAB APPLIED THE ROMANS PRINCIPLES AND IMPROVED THE WATERMILL THAT THEY CALLED NORIA OR SAQIYAH. THE
WORD "NORIA" COMES FROM THE ARABIC TERM, NA-URAH, MEANING "WATER WHEEL" IN SYRIA, AND LITERALLY MEANS "THE
WAILER." IT WAS THE EARLIEST MECHANICAL DEVICE PROPELLED BY MEANS OTHER THAN MAN OR ANIMAL.

THE FIRST REFERENCE TO A WATER WHEEL DATES BACK TO AROUND 4000 BCE. VITRIUVUS, AN ENGINEER DIED IN 14 CE, HAS
BEEN CREDITED WITH THE CREATING AND USING WATER WHEEL DURING ROMAN TIMES. THE WHEELS WERE USED FOR CROP
IRRIGATION AND GRINDING GRAINS, AS WELL TO SUPPLY DRINKING WATER TO VILLAGES. BUT AFTER THESE ARABS SCIENTIST
IMPROVED THE WATER WHEEL INTO A "WATERMILL", IN LATER YEARS THEY DROVE POWERED TEXTILE MILLS. IN SYRIA,
WATERMILLS WERE CALLED "NORIA OR NORIAHS." THEY WERE USED FOR RUNNING MILLS TO PROCESS COTTON INTO CLOTH.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION FREUDIAN AND DARWINIAN

• WHAT IS FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

• A relating to the ideas or methods of Sigmund Freud, especially his ideas about the
way in which people's hidden thoughts and feelings influence their behavior especially
with respect to the causes and treatment of neurotic and psychopathic states, the
interpretation of dreams, etc.
• Relating to or influenced by Sigmund Freud and his methods of psychoanalysis,
especially with reference to the importance of sexuality in human behavior.
 WHO IS SIGMUND FREUD

• Sigmund Freud Also considered to be the father of psychiatry.

Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of
Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified as a doctor of
medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. he was appointed a
docent in neuropathology and became an affiliated professor in
1902. Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical
practice there in 1886. Freud was a one of a kind thinker. There
can be little question that he was influenced by earlier thinking
regarding the human mind, especially the idea of there being
activity within the mind at a conscious and unconscious level yet
his approach to these topics was largely conceptual. His theoretical
thoughts were as original as they were unique. It is a testament to
Freud's mind to know that whether you agree, disagree, or are
ambivalent about his theory, it remains as a theoretical cornerstone
in his field of expertise.
THE FREUDIAN THEORY
OF PERSONALITY
✓ Human Personality: The adult
personality emerges as a between physical drives and social expectation may arise.
composite of early childhood
experiences, based on how these
experiences are consciously and
unconsciously processed within
human developmental stages, and
how these experiences shape the
personality.
✓ Not every person completes the
necessary tasks of every
developmental stage. When they
don't, the results can be a mental
condition requiring psychoanalysis
to achieve proper functioning.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Believing that most human suffering is determined during childhood
development, Freud placed emphasis on the five stages of psychosexual
development. As a child passes through these stages unresolved conflicts
These stages are:
O Oral (0-1.5 years of age): Fixation on all things oral. If not satisfactorily
met there is the likelihood of developing negative oral habits or behaviors.
o Anal (1.5 to 3 years of age): As indicated this stage is primarily related to
developing healthy toilet training habits.
o Phallic (3-5 year of age): The development of healthy substitutes for the
sexual attraction boys and girls have toward a parent of the opposite gender.
o Latency (5 - 12 years of age): The development of healthy dormant sexual
feelings for the opposite sex.
o Genital (12-adulthood): All tasks from the previous four stages are
integrated into the mind allowing for the onset of healthy sexual feelings and
behaviors.
 It is during these stages of development that the experiences are filtered through the three levels of the
human mind. It is from these structures and the inherent conflicts that arise in the mind that personality is
shaped. According to Freud while there is an interdependence among these three levels, each level also serves a
purpose in personality development. Within this theory the ability of a person to resolve internal conflicts at
specific stages of their development determines future coping and functioning ability as a fully-mature adult.

Super ego Ego Id

Each stage is processed through
Freud's concept of the human mind as
a three tier system consisting of the
superego, the ego, and the id. The
super ego functions at a conscious
level. It serves as a type of screening
center for what is going on. It is at this
level that society and parental
guidance is weighed against personal
pleasure and gain as directed by ones
id. Obviously, this puts in motion
situations ripe for conflict.
Much like a judge in a trial, once The egocentric center of
experiences are processed through the the human universe,
superego and the id they fall into the ego to Freud believed that within
mediate a satisfactory outcome. Originally, this one level, the id is
Freud used the word ego to mean a sense of constantly fighting to
self, but later revised it to mean a set of have our way in
psychic functions such as judgment, everything we undertake.
tolerance, reality testing, control, planning,
defense, synthesis of information,
intellectual functioning, and memory.

WHAT IS DARWINIAN
THEORY
Darwinism is a theory of biological
evolution developed by the English
naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
and others, stating that all species of
organisms arise and develop through the
natural selection of small, inherited
variations that increase the individual's
ability to compete, survive, and
reproduce.
WHAT IS A EVOLUTION
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological
populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give
rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organization, including
the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.
Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species
(anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the
evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets
of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA
sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that
share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a
biological "tree of life" based on evolutionary relationships
(phylogenetic), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil
record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to
microbial mat fossils, to fossilized multicellular organisms. Existing
patterns .
 WHO IS CHARLES DARWIN
Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist,
geologist and biologist, be st known for his contributions
to the science of evolution. He established that all species
of life have descended over time from common ancestors
and, in a joint publication with Alfred Russell Wallace,
introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern
of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural
selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar
effect to the artificial selection involved in selective
breeding.

The publication in 1859 of The Origin of Species by

Charles Darwin ushered in a new era in the intellectual
history of humanity. Darwin is deservedly given credit for
the theory of biological evolution: he accumulated
evidence demonstrating that organisms evolve and
discovered the process, natural selection, by which they
evolve. But the import of Darwin's achievement is that it
completed the Copernican revolution initiated three
centuries earlier, and thereby radically changed our
conception of the universe and the place of humanity in it.
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION AND SOCIETY IN ASIA

THE ASIAN REVOLUTION KEY FIGURES IN ASIA'S REVOLUTION

The Intellectual revolution in Asia is about the belief in
the superiority of Western values combined with
economic and technological innovations in shipbuilding,
weaponry, and communications to create a petent mix
that would challenged Asian societies in many ways.
Mao Zedong of China, Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam,
Gandhi of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, Nasser of
Egypt, Ataturk of Turkey, and Khomeini of Iran are
featured. To compare the strategies and ideologies that
guided these revolutions.

ASIA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

It is varied depending on the country and time. In the past, the Asian civilizations most notable for
their contributions to science and technology were India, China and the West Asian civilizations. At
present, probably the most notable country in Asian terms of this technological and scientific
achievements is Japan, which is particularly known for its electronics and automobile products. In
recent years, China and India have also once again become major contributors to science and
technology. Other countries are also notable in other scientific fields such as chemical and physical
achievements.
 Controversies met the Asian revolution
It examines the impact of colonialism, nationalist/revolutionary movements, military conflict, political
developments and socio-economic change. It also examines patterns of transitions in Asia societies and cultures.
Emphasis is placed on the development of modern Asian states through de-colonization, war economic
development and circumstances leading to the rise of the Asian Century' by 2000.

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Meso-American Scientific Revolution

MESO-AMERICAN SHORT FACTS:

(literally, "central America") is a geographical region. It begins from around the Tropic of Cancer in central Mexico and
ends near Costa Rica.
The term is especially used to mean the native peoples and cultures that were there before the Spanish took over that region.
Mesoamerica is one of only three regions of the world where writing is known to have independently developed (the others
being ancient Sumer and China) Among the earliest complex civilizations was the Olmec culture, which inhabited the Gulf
Coast of Mexico and extended inland and southwards across the Isthmus of Tehuantepen .
 CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE

- CALENDARS - WRITING SYSTEM

- MATHEMATICS . ARCHITECTURAL WONDERS .
- SYMBOLISM OF SPACE AND TIME FOOD, MEDICINE
AND SCIENCE
- MYTHOLOGY AND WORLDVIEW • ASTRONOMY
 CALENDARS

• Mesoamerican calendars are the calendrical systems

devised and used by the pre-Columbian cultures of
Mesoamerica. Besides keeping time, Mesoamerican
calendars were also used in religious observances and social
rituals, such as for divination.

WRITING SYSTEM
deciphered to date
• The Mesoamerican scripts are logosyllabic combining the
use of logograms with a syllabary, and they are often called
hieroglyphic scripts.
 MATHEMATICS

• The Mayan and other Mesoamerican cultures used a vigesimal

number system based nbase 20 (and, to some extent. base 5),
probably originally developed from counting on fingers and
toes. The numerals consisted of only three symbols: zero,
represented as a shell shape: one, a dot: and five, a bar. Thus,
addition and subtraction was a relatively simple matter of
adding up dots and bars.

ARCHITECTURAL WONDERS

• Mesoamerican architecture is the set of architectural traditions

produced by pre- Columbian cultures and civilizations of
Mesoamerica, traditions which are best known in the form of
public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and
structures.
THE CORPERNICAN REVOLUTION
THE BEGINNING OF MODERN ASTRONOMY