By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Gain basic knowledge of common hardware

components used in electronic circuits, including
Breadboard, Resistors, LEDs, etc.
• Understand the usage of these components in
electronic circuits.
• Develop the ability to write Arduino programs
i n d e p e n d e n t l y.
OVERVIEW
ELECTRICIT
Y
Electricity

• A t y p e o f e n e rg y t h a t c a n b e b u i l t u p i n o n e p l a c e o r
f l o w f r o m o n e p l a c e t o a n o t h e r.
• When electricity gathers in one place it is known as
Static Electricity
• When it moves from one place to another it is called
C u r re n t E l e c t r i c i t y
Static Electricity

A form of electricity resulting from the imbalance

b e t w e e n p o s i t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e c h a rg e s w i t h i n a m a t e r i a l
t h a t o c c u r s w h e n e l e c t r o n s ( t h e n e g a t i v e l y c h a rg e d
particles in an atom) move from one material to
a n o t h e r.
Current Electricity

A f l o w o f c h a rg e d p a r t i c l e s , s u c h a s e l e c t r o n s o r
ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space.
I t i s d e f i n e d a s t h e n e t r a t e o f f l o w o f e l e c t r i c c h a rg e
through a surface.
VOLTAGE
Voltage

A force that makes electrons move through a wire

and is measured in volts and the symbol is v.
I t i s a l s o c a l l e d a s E l e c t ro m o t i v e F o rc e o r E M F
which drives the electrons inside a wire.
Voltage

Alessandro Volta
Voltage

Voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points

For example the difference between the positive and negative terminal of a battery
Lets say the battery is 5volts so the potential points are 5 volts and 0 volt so the difference
is 5 volts
WATER
ANALOGY
CURRENT
CURRENT

• A r a t e o f f l o w o f c h a rg e .
• When an electrons move from negative terminal to
p o s i t i v e t e r m i n a l o f a b a t t e r y, t h e y g i v e r i s e t o
current.
• The unit of current is Amperes and the direction in
which the current flow is the opposite to the direction
of the electrons
CURRENT
CURRENT

• C u r r e n t i s t h e a m o u n t o f e l e c t r i c c h a rg e t h a t f l o w s
w h e n o n e c o u l o m b o f c h a rg e m o v e s p a s t a p o i n t i n o n e
second, and this current is measured in Amperes.
• C o u l o m b i s t h e m e a s u r i n g u n i t o f c h a rg e
WATER
ANALOGY
RESISTANC
E
RESISTANCE

The electrical resistance of any component is a

m e a s u r e o f t h e d i ff i c u l t y o f p a s s i n g a n e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h t h a t s u b s t a n c e . Wi t h m o r e r e s i s t a n c e i n a
circuit, less electricity will flow through the circuit.
RESISTANCE

A resistor is a device which limits the flow of a

current in a circuit.
Take note that the current will always take the less resistive
path
RESISTANCE
COLOR
CODING
Introduction
to Arduino
Microprocessor
VS
Microcontroller
MICROPROCESSOR

A processing device that converts data into

information based on some sets of instructions. It is a
very compact electronic chip due to which it is referred
t o a s t h e m i c r o p r o c e s s o r.
MICROCONTROLLER

An electronic system which consists of a

processing element, a small memory (RAM, ROM,
EPROM), I/O ports, etc. on a single chip.
FREE
Cloning and
Modification
Parts which
make
Arduino
1. Digital Pins – Use these pins with digitalRead(),
d i g i t a l Wr i t e ( ) , a n d a n a l o g Wr i t e ( )
2. Built in LED – connected to Pin 13
3. Power LED – Indicates that the Arduino Board is receiving
p o w e r.
4. A t m e g a 3 2 8 M i c ro c o n t ro l l e r – T h e h e a r t o f y o u r B o a r d
5. Analog Pins – Use this pins with analogRead()
6. Power Pins – Use these pins to provide +5V and ground to
your circuit.
7. P o w e r C o n n e c t o r – t h i s i s w h e r e y o u p o w e r y o u ’ r e y o u r
A r d u i n o w h e n i t ’s n o t p l u g g e d t o t h e U S B p o r t f o r p o w e r.
(up to 12V)
8. T X a n d R X L E D - T h e s e L E D s i n d i c a t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n
b e t w e e n A r d u i n o a n d c o m p u t e r.
9. U S B p o r t - U s e d f o r p o w e r i n g y o u r A r d u i n o U n o ,
uploading your sketches to the Arduino, and for
c o m m u n i c a t i n g w i t h y o u r c o m p u t e r.
10. R e s e t b u t t o n s – r e s e t s t h e AT m e g a m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r
Posttest