Citation Guidelines

In-Text Citations
In-text citations must provide the;
 1. name of the author or authors and
 2. the year the source was published
 (When a given source does not list an individual author, you may
provide the source title or the name of the organization that
published the material instead.)
 When directly quoting a source, it is also required that you include
the page number where the quote appears in your citation.
 This information may be included within the sentence or in a
parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence.
 Examples
Epstein (2010) points out that “junk food cannot be
considered addictive in the same way that we think of
psychoactive drugs as addictive” (p. 137).

Here, the writer names the source author when introducing the
quote and provides the publication date in parentheses after the
author’s name. The page number appears in parentheses after the
closing quotation marks and before the period that ends the sentence.
Addiction researchers caution that “junk food cannot be considered
addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as
addictive” (Epstein, 2010, p. 137).

Here, the writer provides a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence that
includes the author’s name, the year of publication, and the page number separated
by commas. Again, the parenthetical citation is placed after the closing quotation
marks and before the period at the end of the sentence.

As noted in the book Junk Food, Junk Science (Epstein, 2010, p. 137),
“junk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we
think of psychoactive drugs as addictive.”

Here, the writer chose to mention the source title in the sentence (an optional piece
of information to include) and followed the title with a parenthetical citation. Note
that the parenthetical citation is placed before the comma that signals the end of
the introductory phrase.
 Title Page
Abstract
Acknowledgement/Dedication
Table of Content

Chapter 1: Introduction
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Objective/s of the Study
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
 Chapter 2: Review of Related
Review of Related Literature Literature and Studies
and Studies Related Literature
Related Studies
 Sufficient background
information should be presented
for readers to understand &
evaluate the results of the present
study.
 Only the most important studies
and theories written on the topic
should be included.
 Chapter 2: Review of Related
Review of Related Literature Literature and Studies
and Studies Related Literature
 The Related Studies are those Related Studies
researches which may be local
and foreign studies who can
attribute to your research or
can support your investigation
scientifically. Footnoting is
also important on this part.
 Maximum of 10 related lit and
Review of Related Lit
and Studies studies.
 Organized ideas from main topic to
less.
 Do not use “According to…”, “Based
from…”, etc.
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the key concepts applied to this research and the people who did similar or
related studies.
Related Literature
Based on http://en,Wikipedia,org/wiki/Airpollution , is the introduction of particulates, biological
molecules, or other harmful materials into the Earth’s atmosphere, possibly causing disease, death to
humans, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, or the natural or built environment.
According to http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle , a vehicle is a mobile machine that transports
people or cargo. Most often, vehicles are manufactured, such as wagons, bicycles, motor vehicles,
watercraft, spacecraft and aircraft.
An example of a vehicle is a motorcycle. Based on http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle,
a ,motorcycle is a two or three wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a range
of different purposes.
Our wounds heal through natural process. In open wound with exposed cut blood vessels ( arteries,
veins, or capillaries). The information take fromhttp://netvet.wustl.edu/species/hamsters/hamstbio.txt
states that blood clotting process is an adaptation that stops the bleeding process due to an injury.
 Related Studies
• According to the 1989 National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) Clean Air
Study, 15 indoor house plants like the Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata) efficiently
remove air 107 pollutants, including carbon oxides and nitrogen oxides.
• According to http://1stecofriendlyplanet.com/12/sansevieria/ , another study by the
Wolverton Environmental Service found that Sansevieria trifasciata absorbs
formaldehyde, chloroform, benzene, xylene, and trichloroethylene.
CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
Methodology Chapter 3: Methodology
Subject of the Study

 Methodology has several parts List of Materials

Procedure
namely: the subject of the
Data Analysis
study, the procedure and the
Photo Documentation
statistical treatment. Provides
enough details so that a
competent worker can repeat
the experiments.
Should have a short
introduction.
Follow the input – process –
output format.
 Chapter 3: Methodology
The Subject of the Study/ Subject of the Study
Materials List of Materials
Procedure
 The Subject of the Study includes your
Data Analysis
population and the sample. It applies
the sampling techniques to obtain a Photo Documentation

good sample of the study. Your sample

should be valid and reliable.
 The exact technical specifications,
quantities and source of method of
preparation for all materials used
should be given. Specifically built
equipment used in the study must be
described and the description
accompanied by a picture.
The Procedure Chapter 3: Methodology
Subject of the Study
 The Procedure is the step by step List of Materials
and systematic process of doing Procedure
your research. It includes the Data Analysis
materials with right amount of Photo Documentation
measurements, the appropriate
equipment to be used in doing the
scientific investigation. It consists
of several trials with control
variables, independent variables
and dependent variables.
Gathering of data is essential in
any kind of research. It is
recommended to use control and
experimental set-ups to arrive at
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the materials and equipment used in the
study, as well as the procedures done in the experiment.
A. Materials and Equipment
> 645cm² flat galvanized iron ( 24.5 cm x 24.5cm)
> Masking Tape
> Snake Plant ( Sansevieria trifasciata)
> Stove
> Wok
 Sample
• 500 ml water
• Vehicle
• Measuring Tape
• Gloves
• Face Mask
• Scissors
• Emission Tester (Foshan Analytical Instrument)
 B. Procedures
• A. Making Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata) fibers
1. Dry the Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata) leaves
under the sun for 1 week.
2. Boil the leaves for 5 minutes.
3. Separate the fibers into thin strips.
B. Making the Prototype Exhaust Filter
1. Prepare all the materials and equipment needed.
2. Using a measuring tape, measure the circumference
of the vehicle’ exhaust pipe.
 Procedures
3. Cut the galvanized iron in measurements equal to the
circumference of the vehicle’s exhaust pipe. Roll and seal it using
the masking tape.
4. Place the Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata) fibers inside the
galvanized iron cylinder.
5. Secure the filter using the masking tape.
 sample
C. Testing the Exhaust Filter
1. Place the exhaust filter with the vehicle’s exhaust pipe (tail
pipe). Label vehicle as A ( with exhaust filter).
2. Set the vehicle transmission at neutral with the hand-brake
encaged.
3). Ensure that the idling speed or the engine RPM the
acceleration in the rest position. Make sure that all accessories
like rear windows heating, air conditioning system, air fan and
other equipment necessary for vehicle operation at idle should
be switched off.
 sample
4. Purge the vehicle for 10-15 seconds at about 2500 rotations
per minute (rpm)
5. While the engine idles, insert the sampling probe into the
exhaust pipe as deeply as possible.
6. Wait for 20 seconds and take the Hydrocarbon(HC) and Carbon
Dioxide ( COշ) reading. Record the results.
7. Repeat b2 to b6 for two more trials. Record the results.
8. Remove the exhaust filter and label vehicle as B (without
exhaust filter). Repeat b1 to b6 for 3 trials. Record the results.
 sample
C. Analysis of Data
1. Hydrocarbon Readings are measured in parts per million
(ppm). Passing reading is less than 1000ppm.
2. Carbon Dioxide Readings are measured in percent (%).
Passing Reading is less than 0.50%.
3. Since there is an inherent motorcycle filter, which could not
be removed, the theoretical emission readings of the filter can be
obtained by subtracting the readings from set-up A from the
readings of set-up B.
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Materials:
In conducting this study, we used gloves, Malunggay leaves,
mortar and pestle, 10 ml beaker, banana pseudo stem, dropper,
blade or knife, 3 hamsters and stopwatch.
Procedure:
In conducting this study, we followed the following steps:
A. Preparation of the Set-Ups (Experimental and Control )
There were three (3) set-ups prepared for this research
study- two (2) experimental set-ups, A and B and one (1) control
set-up or C. Set-up A consisted of Moringa oleifera (Malunggay)
 cont
Extract applied to the open wound of the first hamster while set-
up B made of use of the second hamster applied with Musa
sapientum ( Banana) extract. Set-up C consisted of the third
hamster with no applied extract.
Extraction of the sap/juice from the two (2) plants were done
using mortar and pestle. In two separate mortar and pestle, the
Malunggay leaves and the cut banana pseudo stems were
pounded slowly until the juice/sap was produced. Then, extracts
were poured in separate clean beaker.
 cont
B. Application of the extracts to Open Wounds
To produce an open wound on the skim of the hamster, we made an
incision using a sterile, clean blade or scalpel on the three hamsters’ lower
limbs one at a time. We started it with the third hamster as control to
record the time the blood starts to flow until it coagulated or clot. Then,
we did the same thing with the first hamster and applied two (2) drops of
Moringa oleifera (Malunggay) extract and record the time the blood clot.
The second hamster’s incision was applied with two (2) drops of Musa
sapientum (Banana), then we took the time the blood clots. We conducted
two (2) trials to determine the reliability of the blood clotting time using
the same hamster.
 cont
C. Recording of Clotting Time
We carefully recorded the blood clotting time each wound
for each hamster. The blood clotting time was taken from the
time the blood oozes from the wound until it completely stops or
clot.
• D. Organizing Data
The blood clotting time per set-ups were recorded using
this format:
Set-ups Extract Applied Blood Clotting Time(sec) Blood Clotting Time (sec)
Trial 1 Trial 2
Set-Up A Malunggay
(Experimental)

Set-Up B Banana
(Experimental)

Set-Up C None
(Control)
 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES
City of Naga
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

SCIENCE AREA

NAME:________________________________________________________AGE______
GENDER______DATE________SIGNATURE_________________

INSTRUCTION: This Checklist is a tool used to gather and complete the data needed in the conduct of the
Investigatory Project “ “.
This study is to identify the extrinsic qualities such as taste. color, and aroma of the guava leaf tea. Evaluate it
by checking POOR, FAIR, GOOD, VERY GOOD, and EXCELLENT.

Extrinsic POOR FAIR GOOD VERY GOOD EXCELLENT

QUALITY

TASTE /

COLOR
 Cont.

E. Statistical Treatment
We used the One-Way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) for our
statistical treatment. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical
method used to test differences between two or more means. It
is a statistical procedure used to test the degree to which two or
more groups vary or differ in an experiment. The one-way or
one-factor ANOVA test for independent measures is designed to
compare the means of three or more independent
samples(treatments) simultaneously.