ACIDS & BASES

To see whether a particular substance behaves as

an acid or base depends on the way in which
acids and bases are defined.
Several properties characteristic of acids and bases
in general, are included:
1. Neutralization. Acids and bases react with one
another so as to cancel, or neutralize, their acidic
and basic characters
2. Reaction with indicators. Certain organic dyes,
called indicators, give different colors depending
on whether they are in an acidic or basic medium
3. Catalysis. Many chemical reactions are catalyzed
by the presence of acids or bases
 Acids & bases Arrhenius
2

acid; any substance that can increase the

concentration of ion, H3O+ in aquous solution
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
CO2 + H2OH2CO3
H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3-

In general, nonmetal oxides react with water to

yield acidic solution and are said to be acid
anhydrides
 Acids & bases Arrhenius
3

base; any substance that can increase the

concentration of ion, OH-
NaOH(aq) + H2O Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
N2H4 + H2O N2H5+ + OH-
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
Metal oxides (basic anhydrides) undergo reaction
with water to give the coresponding
hydroxides
BaO + H2O Ba(OH)2
Na2O + H2O 2 NaOH
 comments of Arrhenius 4

acids and bases cocept

1. Some acids and bases doesn’t contain H+ and OH-

2. Some compounds, forinstance ammonia and

sodium carbonate can neutralize acids without
producing OH- first

3. In solution no free H+ ion

4. It limits us to discussing acid-base phenomena in

aqueous solution only
 5

Acids & bases of Bronsted-Lowry

acid; a substance that is able to donate a proton (a
hydrogen ion, H+) to some other substance

base; any substance that is able to accept a proton from

an acid

Simplycity;
an acid; proton donor
a base ; proton acceptor
 6

Acids & bases of Bronsted-Lowry

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
acid ? base ?

If we have a solution of concentrated HCl and heat it, we drive

off HCl gas. In other words, we can reverse the above
reaction so that H3O+ and Cl- react with each other to
produce HCl and H2O. This reverse reaction is also a
Bronsted-Lowry reaction

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-

acid base acid base
HCl and Cl- : a conjugate
acid-base pair; Cl- is the conjugate base of the acid, HCl
 7

Acids & bases of Bronsted-Lowry

Another example of a Bronsted-Lowry acid-base
reaction occurs in aqueous solution of ammonia
NH4 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
base acid acid base

In the two examples; water in one instance, functioned

as a base, and in the other it behaved as an acid

such a substance, which can serve in either capacity

depending on condition, is said to be amphiprotic or
amphoteric
 8
Acids & bases of Bronsted-Lowry
some amphoteric fashion in auto ionization
H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-
HC2H3O2 + HC2H3O2 H2C2H3O2+ + C2H3O2-
NH3(l) +NH3(l) NH4+ + NH2-
(Acid) + (base) (Acid) + (base)
Ex. Of amphoteric oxide; Al2O3.
base; if there is more strong acid
acid ; ther is more strong base
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) 2NaAl(OH)4(aq)
 9
Acids & bases of Bronsted-Lowry
Strengths of acids and bases
 Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction can be viewed as two opposing
or competiting reaction between acids and bases
1. The two bases can be considered to be competiting for a proton
by conductivity measurements and freezing-point depression :
all of the HCl has reacted with water
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
H2O has a much stronger affinity for a proton than does a chloride
ion water is stronger base than chloride ion
2. The two acids considered to be donating its proton
HCl is better able to donate its proton than is H3O+
 The position of equilibrium in an acid-base reaction tell us of the
relative strengths of the acids and base involved.
 Hydrogen chloride is a strong acid in water because the position of
equilibrium in the ionization lies far to the right
 10
Acids & bases of Bronsted-Lowry
Strengths of acids and bases
 Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction can be viewed as two opposing
or competiting reaction between acids and bases
1. The two bases can be considered to be competiting for a proton
by conductivity measurements and freezing-point depression :
all of the HCl has reacted with water
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
H2O has a much stronger affinity for a proton than does a chloride
ion water is stronger base than chloride ion
2. The two acids considered to be donating its proton
HCl is better able to donate its proton than is H3O+
 The position of equilibrium in an acid-base reaction tell us of the
relative strengths of the acids and base involved.
 Hydrogen chloride is a strong acid in water because the position of
equilibrium in the ionization lies far to the right
 11
Acids & bases of Bronsted-Lowry
Summary:
1. Acid; proton donor
2. Base; proton acceptor
3. Neutralization reaction is proton transfer from
acid to base;
In water : H3O+ + OH H2O + H2O
In ammonia : NH4+ + NH2- NH3 + NH3
4. Acid base reaction of Bronsted-Lowry can occur
in vary solvent, or in gas phase which is not
solvent
HCl + NH3 NH4+ + Cl- acid1

base2 acid2 base1

 12
Acids & bases of Bronsted-Lowry
Summary continued:
5. Every spesies has a conjugate and they are a
conjugated acid-base pair
A B + H+
acid base proton

A is a conjugated acid of base B

B is a conjugated base of acid A
6. Some of conjugated acid-base pair
- H+
acid base
+ H+
HCl Cl-
 13
Acids & bases of Bronsted-Lowry
Summary continued:
6. Some of conjugated acid-base pair (contnd)
- H+
acid base
+ H+
H2SO4 HSO4-
HSO4- SO42-
H3PO4 H2PO4-
H2PO4- HPO42-
HPO42- PO43-
 14
Acids & bases of Bronsted-Lowry
Summary continued:
7. solvent can also be acid or base exp. Water is
base in solvent functional, but acid if react to NH 3
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
acid1 base2 acid2 base1

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

base1 acid2 base2 acid1

How is neutralization reaction of non water solvent;

for ammonia, ethyl alcohol, aseteic acid, sulphate
base
8. Stronger the acid the acid, weaker its conjugated
base Stronger the base, weaker its conjugated
acid
 Acids & bases of Lewis
15

Back ground:
 As Arhenius definition of acids and base restricted
in aqueous solution, the Bronsted-Lowry definition
is more general than Arhenius definition
 However, even the Bronsted-Lowry consept is
restricted in scope, since it limits discussion of
acid-base phenomena to proton-transfer reactions
 There are many reactions that have all the ear-
mark of acid-base reactions but do not fit the
bronted-Lowry mold
 In the Lewis definition of acids and bases, primary
attention is focused on the base
 Acids & bases of Lewis
16

A base is defined as a substance that can donate

a pair of electron to the formation of a covalent
bond
An acid is substance that can accept a pair of
electron to form the bond
The definition is suitable with Bronsted-Lowry
concept:
1.Proton can be regarded as an acceptor of electron
pair
2.A proton acceptor can be regarded as donor of
electron pair
But, the Lewis concept of acids and bases is not
restricted in proton transfer only
 Acids & bases of Lewis
17

A base is defined as a substance that can donate

a pair of electron to the formation of a covalent
bond
An acid is substance that can accept a pair of
electron to form the bond
The definition is suitable with Bronsted-Lowry
concept:
1.Proton can be regarded as an acceptor of electron
pair
2.A proton acceptor can be regarded as donor of
electron pair
But, the Lewis concept of acids and bases is not
restricted in proton transfer only
Determine conjugate acid-base pairs 18

Problem: The chemical reactions below are important in the

industry processes. Determine the conjugate acid-base
pair.

(a) HSO4-(aq) + CN-(aq) SO42-(aq) + HCN(aq)

(b) ClO-(aq) + H2O(l) HClO(aq) + OH-(aq)

(c) S2-(aq) + H2O(aq) HS-(aq) + OH-(aq)

(d) HS-(aq) + H2O(aq) H2S(aq) + OH-(aq)

 19
Acid-base properties of water

H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

autoionization of water

+ -
H O + H O
[ H O H
] + H O

H H H

conjugate
base acid
H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-
conjugate
acid
base

16.2
 20
Constant of Ion Water Multiplier

Kc = [H+][OH-] [H2O] = konstan

H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) [H2O]

Kc[H2O] = Kw = [H+][OH-]

The water ion product constant (Kw) is the product of the molar concentration
of the H + ion and the OH- ion at a certain temperature

Solution is

[H+] = [OH-] neutral

In the 250C
[H+] > [OH-] acid
Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1,0 x 10-14
[H+] < [OH-] base

16.2
 21
What is the concentration of OH- ions in the HCl solution whose
hydrogen concentration is 1.3 M?

Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1,0 x 10-14

[H+] = 1,3 M

Kw 1 x 10-14
[OH-] = = = 7,7 x 10-15 M
[H+] 1,3

What is [H +] in 0.035M NaOH?

16.2
 pH – The Acidity 22

pH = -log [H+]

Solution is In the 250C

netral [H+] = [OH-] [H+] = 1 x 10-7 pH = 7

asam [H+] > [OH-] [H+] > 1 x 10-7 pH < 7

basa [H+] < [OH-] [H+] < 1 x 10-7 pH > 7

pH [H+]

16.3
 23

pOH = -log [OH-]

[H+][OH-] = Kw = 1,0 x 10-14

-log [H+] – log [OH-] = 14,00

pH + pOH = 14,00

16.3
 24
The pH of rainwater in certain areas in northeastern America on
any given day is 4.82. What is the concentration of H + ions in
rain water?

pH = -log [H+]

[H+] = 10-pH = 10-4,82 = 1,5 x 10-5 M

The concentration of OH- ions in a blood sample is 2.5 x 10-7 M. What is

the pH of the blood sample?

pH + pOH = 14,00

pOH = -log [OH-] = -log (2,5 x 10-7) = 6,60

pH = 14,00 – pOH = 14,00 – 6,60 = 7,40

16.3
 25

Calculate [H3O +], pH, [OH-], and pOH

Question:
A chemist dilutes concentrated hydrochloric acid
to make two solutions: (a) 3.0 M and (b) 0.0024 M.
Calculate [H3O +], pH, [OH-], and pOH from both
solutions at 25 ° C.

What are [H3O +], [OH-], and pOH from a

solution that has a pH = 3.67? and pH = 8.05?
 26
strong electrolytes - 100% dissociated
H 2O
NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

elektrolit lemah – tidak terdisosiasi sempurna

CH3COOH CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

Strong acids are strong electrolytes

HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H 3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

HClO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H 3O+ (aq) + ClO4- (aq)

H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H 3O+ (aq) + HSO4- (aq)

16.4
 27
Weak acids are weak electrolytes

HF (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + F- (aq)

HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO2- (aq)

HSO4- (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)

H2O (l) + H2O (l) H 3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Basa kuat adalah elektrolit kuat

H 2O
NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
H 2O
KOH (s) K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
H 2O
Ba(OH)2 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)

16.4
 28
Basa lemah adalah elektrolit lemah (NH3)

F- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HF (aq)

NO2- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HNO2 (aq)

Pasangan asam-basa konjugat:

• Jika asamnya kuat, basa konjugatnya sangat lemah.
• H3O+ adalah asam terkuat yang dapat berada di dalam
larutan berair.
• Ion OH- adalah basa terkuat yang dapat berada di
dalam larutan berair.

16.4
29

16.4
Strong Acid Weak acid 30

16.4
 31
What is the pH of the 2 x 10-3 M HNO3 solution?

HNO3 is strong acid– 100% dissociated.

initial 0,002 M 0,0 M 0,0 M

HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
end 0,0 M 0,002 M 0,002 M

pH = -log [H+] = -log [H3O+] = -log(0,002) = 2,7

What is the pH of the 1.8 x 10-2 M Ba(OH)2 Solution?

Ba(OH)2 is strong base– 100% dissociated.

initial 0,018 M 0,0 M 0,0 M

Ba(OH)2 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
end 0,0 M 0,018 M 0,036 M

pH = 14,00 – pOH = 14,00 + log(0,036) = 12,56

16.4
Weak Acid (HA) and Acid Ionization Constants32

HA (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

[H+][A-]
Ka =
[HA]

Ka is the acid ionization constant

power
Ka weak acid

16.5
33

16.5
 34
What is the pH of the 0.5 M HF solution (in 25 0C)?

Ka = [H+][F-] = 7,1 x 10-4

-
HF (aq) H (aq) + F (aq)
+
[HF]

HF (aq) H+ (aq) + F- (aq)

initial (M) 0,50 0,00 0,00

Change (M) -x +x +x

End (M) 0,50 - x x x

x2
Ka = = 7,1 x 10-4 Ka << 1 0,50 – x  0,50
0,50 - x

x2
Ka  = 7,1 x 10-4 x2 = 3,55 x 10-4 x = 0,019 M
0,50

[H+] = [F-] = 0,019 M pH = -log [H+] = 1,72

[HF] = 0,50 – x = 0,48 M

16.5
 35
When can we use approximation?

Ka << 1 0,50 – x  0,50

If x is less than 5% of the initial concentration.

0,019 M Smaller than 5%

x = 0,019 x 100% = 3,8% approximation ok.
0,50 M

What is the pH of a solution of 0.05M HF (on 25 0C)?

x2
Ka  = 7,1 x 10-4 x = 0,006 M
0,05

0,006 M Lebih dari 5%

x 100% = 12%
0,05 M Aproksimasi tidak ok.

Must use the quadratic equation or method tiered approach to find the value of x.

16.5
 36

Solving weak acid ionization problems:

Determine species that can affect pH.
In most problems, you can ignore the autoionization of
water.
Ignore [OH-] because the pH is determined by [H +].
Express the equilibrium concentration of all species in the
initial concentration and one variable x.
Write Ka in the concentrations of equilibrium. After
knowing the value of Ka, we can search for x.
Calculate the concentration of all species and/or the pH of
the solution.

16.5
 37
What is the pH of 0.122 M monoprotic acid which is the value
Of its Ka is 5,7 x 10-4?

HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

Initial M) 0,122 0,00 0,00

Perubahan (M) -x +x +x

end (M) 0,122 - x x x

x2
Ka = = 5,7 x 10-4 Ka << 1 0,122 – x  0,122
0,122 - x

x2
Ka  = 5,7 x 10-4 x2 = 6,95 x 10-5 x = 0,0083 M
0,122

0,0083 M More than 5%

x 100% = 6,8% Approximate is not ok.
0,122 M

16.5
 38
x2
Ka = = 5,7 x 10-4 x2 + 0,00057x – 6,95 x 10-5 = 0
0,122 - x

ax2 + bx + c =0 x=
-b ± b 2
– 4ac
2a

x = 0,0081 x = - 0,0081

HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

initial (M) 0,122 0.00 0,00

Change (M) -x +x +x

End (M) 0,122 - x x x

[H+] = x = 0,0081 M pH = -log[H+] = 2,09

16.5
 39

percent ionization = Ionization acid concentration at equilibrium

x 100%
initial acid concentration

For monoprotic acid, HA

[H+]
percent ionization = x 100% [HA]0 = initial acid concentration
[HA]0

16.5
40

16.8
Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants 41

NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Kb = [NH4+][OH-]
[NH3]

Kb adalah konstanta ionisasi basa

kekuatan
Kb basa lemah

Selesaikan soal-soal basa lemah seperti asam lemah

namun di sini kita mencari [OH-] bukan [H+].

16.6
 42

Konstanta disosiasi-basa Kb mengacu pada

kesetim-bangan yang terjadi ketika basa lemah
ditambahkan ke dalam air.

Amonia dan amina adalah molekul-molekul yang

paling umum yang bertindak sebagai basa lemah.

Sebagian besar anion bertindak sebagai

basa lemah.
43

16.6
 Menentukan pH dari Kb dan [B] awal 44

Soal: Amonia adalah zat pembersih yang paling umum digunakan dalam rumah tangga
dan termasuk basa lemah, dengan Kb = 1,8 x 10-5. Berapakah pH dari larutan 1,5 M NH3?
 45
Konstanta Ionisasi Pasangan Asam-Basa Konjugat

HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq) Ka

Kb
A- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HA (aq)

Kw
H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

KaKb = Kw

Asam Lemah dan Basa Konjugatnya

Kw Kw
Ka = Kb =
Kb Ka

16.7
 46

Semua anion dapat bekerja

sebagai basa lemah kecuali
anion yang merupakan
basa konjugat dari asam kuat.
 Menentukan pH suatu Larutan Garam 47

Soal: Natrium sianida dalam air dapat menghasilkan larutan basa. Berapakah pH
dalam larutan 0,25 M NaCN?

Ka HCN = 4,9 x 10-10

Petunjuk: Kita harus mencari pH larutan dari ion sianida, CN -,

yang bertindak sebagai basa dalam air.
 48

Reaksi antara anion atau kation suatu garam, atau

keduanya, dengan air disebut hidrolisis garam.
Hidolisis mempengaruhi pH larutan garam.

Kation: Semua kation akan menghasilkan asam

dalam air kecuali kation dari golongan 1 dan 2.

Anion:
Beberapa bersifat asam HSO4-
Anion yg merupakan basa konjugat dari asam kuat
bersifat netral. (Cl-, NO3-, …)
Yang lainnya bersifat basa.
 49

ACID-BASE
ACID-BASE REACTIONS
REACTIONS
Titrations
Titrations
H2C2O4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) --->
acid base
Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O(liq)
Carry out this reaction using a TITRATION.

Oxalic acid,
H2C2O4
 50
Setup for titrating an acid with a base
 51

Titration
Titration
1. Add solution from the buret.
2. Reagent (base) reacts with
compound (acid) in solution
in the flask.
3. Indicator shows when exact
stoichiometric reaction has
occurred. (Acid = Base)

This is called
NEUTRALIZATION.
 52

Solubility Product Principle

• Another equilibrium situation is slightly

soluble products
• Ksp is the solubility product constant
• Ksp can be found on a chart at a specific
temperature
• Since the product is solid on the left side,
only the products (ions) are involved in the
Ksp expression
 53

Solubility Product Principle

• Another equilibrium situation is slightly

soluble products
• Ksp is the solubility product constant
• Ksp can be found on a chart at a specific
temperature
• Since the product is solid on the left side,
only the products (ions) are involved in the
Ksp expression
 54
Solubility Product Principle
• Example: Find the concentration of ions present in
calcium fluoride (in water) and the molar solubility.
CaF2(s) --> Ca+2 + 2 F-
Ksp = [Ca+2] [F-]2 = 2 X 10 -10

If x = [Ca+2 ], then [F-] = 2x

[x] [2x]2 = 2 X 10 -10
4x3 = 2 X 10 -10
x3 = 5 X 10 -11
x = 3.68 X 10 -4

[Ca+2 ] = x = 3.68 X 10 -4 [F-] = 2x = 7.37 X 10 -4

Solubility of CaF2 = 3.68 X 10 -4