IBALOY

• The ibaloys occupy the southeast of

Benguet. They speak Nabaloy, with a
lingustic sound nearer to the
Pangasinense. This may be due to the
free movement and interaction.This
may be due to the free movement and
interaction of the natives of
Pangasinsan in the pre-Spanish eras.
• They are concentrated in Kabayan,
Bokod, Tube, Itogon, Tublay, La
Trinidad, Sablan, and Atok. All of
these municipalities are within the
province of Benguet, Cordillera
Region.
• They are peaceful, hardworking, and hospitable
tribesmen. They are generally fair in complexion
and have well developed bodies, usually
standing 4 to 5 feet and above in height. They
have medium and narrow noses and some have
broad flat roses. They have deep seated brown
and black eyes. Most of the women have
straight long hair although there are also
some who have curly hair.
• The Ibaloys are not far apart in their
customs, beliefs and traditions with
the Kankanaeys, except that they are
linguistically dissimilar. Their belief
systems are similar except with
deviation in methods of
performance. The intent and
purpose, however, do not change.
Ibaloy
costume
Two musical instrument
common among the ibaloy
are the gongsa, a flat bronze
gong played with stick while
standing, and the palas, pair
of Iron struck together by
the seated men (American
Hatorical Collection) GONGS
The baloys are predominantly farmers .With their
fertile soil and temperate climate, they were able to
raise a variety of crops. Rice is the main crop of
Kabayan and other ibaloy municipalities where
irrigation waters from rivers and streams to the rice
field through constructed canals allow two croppings a
year .They also raise livestock. Seldom does one come
across native who does not raise pigs, cows, carabaos,
goats, and chickens. They may also be gold parners
(pansejew) .
IBANAG
• The Ibanags (population 531,101. Source: 1996 Annual
Accomplishment Report of both ONCC and OSCC) are
concentrated in the provincies of Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya,
and Isabela .The Ibanags ane among the minority of Filipino
people that live along the banks of the Cagayan River. They
are the most assimilable and adaptable among groups of the
Filipino people. In Cagayan, Ibanags are often found in
Tuguegarao, Abulug, Pamplona, Camalaniugan, Lal-lo,
Amulong, igurg, Peñablanca, and Apam towns.
• The Ibanags are agricultural and clanish
people, so in barrio, each one is a relative of
someone. Being easily assimilated and
adapted, they are easily influenced by
people around them. This is evident in their
taste of food, clothing, and language.
• Mamage customs, to a great degree, have been
made simple. Expenses are now bome by parties
unlike before when the groom's parents shouldered
all wedding expenses. Preparations may not be very
lavish but the umune-ca presents and maginterga
are still parts of manage customs, likewise the gala
is sine qua non especially in rural wedding.
IBANAG
COSTUME
• Today, the Ibanags practice ther traditions and
customs especially in the far-flung barrios. Most of
the ibanags in towns no longer adhere to these
customs because they are economically rich and
educated and thus, initiating modification in their
traditions and practices. The ibanags are engaged in
fishing and farming. Many of them are already
educated and blended with the cultural majority.
IFUGAO
• The Ifugaos, immortalized by their magnificent rice
terracies, inhabit the rugged terrain of the extensive
Cordillera Mountain ranges of Central Northem Luzon.
They have developed and maintained a distinct culture
which until recently has resisted outside influences. Until
modern times ended their isolation, the only world they
knew was their environment of towering mountain
ranges, rolling hills, windy plateaus, warm valleys, shallow
but swift rivers, dense forests, innumerabile rice paddies
and kaingin on the mountainside.
• If asked about onigins, an Ifugao will readily repeat
folkore handed down through generations. He will
vividly trace his first ancestors through a large body
of myths, especially those pertaining to the creation
of the Ifugao world. The Ifugao will declare
categorically that his ancestors were the direct
descendants of the deties of the sky world (lagud),
which explains why none of their myths make any
mention of migrations into Ifugao land.
• Later studies however, describe the Ifugaos as the descendants
of the first wave of Malay immigrants to the country .They are
described as medium built, brawny and brown with black eyes,
straight hair, and thin lips. They are industrious people who
depend mostly on rice growing for their livelihood supplemented
by ivestock and poultry raising. For many generations, the
ifugaos have women on looms and carved works of art from
blocks of wood.The rice terraces is a symbol of their industry that
will live through the ages.
IFUGAO
COSTUME
• The major subgroups of itugsao are Tuwaii ,Ayangan,Hanglulo, and
Kalanguya. The subgrouping is based largely on the differerce of
dialects, partly on the variation of oral traditions and customes
and slightly on the design and color of costumes. In Ayangan for
instance, the sound -ch- is very common and prominent. This is for
equivalent of the -d- sound in Tuwali and Kalanguya. Hence, th
Tuwali word "wada"(there is) is pronounced "wacha" in Ayangan.
The Ayangan has also the sound -f- (pronounced in hard manner
and resemembles soft -v-.The Tuwali term "bale"(house)is
pronounced "foloy" in Ayangan and "baley" in Kalanguya.
• The Tuwali subgroup occupies major
parts of Banaue, Hingyon, Hungduan,
Lagawe, and Kiangan. The Hanglulo tribe
occupies Asipulo, the Avangan occupies
Mayaoyao, of Kaingan and Alfonso Lista,
while the Kalanguya subgroups are found
in Tinoc and a small part of Kiangan.
The Ifugaos practice a number of rituals. Some of
these rituals are Hingot, the betrothal ritual which
announces the union of two families (generally
marriages among the Ifugaos are prearranged)
Amung, a sacrificial ritual wherein the gods and
the family's ancestors are asked to make the body
healthy, the mother well and strong, and the
family wealthy.
• Uya-uy, a ritual of feasting.
• Hagabi, a ritual for those aspiring to attain the
rank of the real kadangayan.
• Ketema, a ritual intended to identify the spirit
who caused a certain sickness.
• Ayag, a ritual performed to identify the evil
spirits who caused an illness.
• Kolot, a ritual for the first cutting of child's hair.
Iwak
The Iwak population as a whole is not
homogenous, and they dispense
themselves among the dominant ethnic
groups. Thereafter, they are acculturated
into the characteristic of these dominant
groups creating a variation of technology,
language, and culture.
Their settlements tend to cluster
on the higher slopes of the
mountains near stream sources.
Hence, they are found in the
watersheds of the drainage
systems of the Cordillera and
Caraballo mountains.
//wak subsistence technology
ranges from the intensive type of
wet rice agriculture to slash-and-
burn cultivation of both grain and
root crops. This is a manifestation
of the culture of the dominant
tribes around them.
Significantly, however, taro is still
being cultivated; it is the preferred
staple and ritually most prized.
Recently, the sweet potato has been
supplanting taro in the Iwak's daily
diet in most areas but, indicatively,
taro is still irreplaceable for ritual
purposes.
The market sphere of Iwak produce
is concentrated in handicraft
manufacturing. They are sold at
outlets specifically at the town of
Santa Fe, Nueva Vizcaya, which is
the juncture of the Cordillera and
Caraballo mountains.
This production is limited to two
kinds: basket and broom making.
Basketry technique has three
classes: Kabang - all purpose back
basket; Gipia- small shallow tray
used during meal time; and
Dakilan - a large flat mostly used
during rituals.
Kalinga
The Kalingas are the indigenous peoples of
Kalinga. They are generally known to be
tall, dark complexioned, and lissome with
high bridged noses. Physically, they are
very sturdy and well-built so that their war-
like characteristics make them more like
soldiers.
They are believed to be
descendants of the second
group of Malays who came
to the islands, as presented
in Philippine history books.
Kalinga men using
Tongatong musical
instrument made of
bamboo, basically
used during last
rituals of a newly-
born baby.
Kalinga couple ca 1913. Known as the
peacocks of the Cordilleras, the Kalinga
wear both handwoven textiles. like this
male's G-string blanket and jacket and
commercia and machine-made fabrics
from lowland merchants, like the
female's skirts and blouse.
Greatly prized heirlooms as
the beads are traded for
carabaos and other goods
(National Geographic
Magazine 1913, Norma H.
Abraham Collection)
The name Kalinga is believed to have
come from Ibanag Kalinga and
Gaddang Kalinga which both mean
"headhunters." The Kalingas must
have acquired their name because of
their tradition of headhunting during
tribal wars.
The Kalingas settle on leveled or terraced
areas on the slopes of steep mountains
near rivers and streams with free, clear
running water through the Chico, Pasil,
Tanudan rivers with wide plateaus and
floodplains and a large portion of open
grass lands.
Many villages or ili in Kalinga are located in
strategic areas where the villagers can be
forewarned of intruders, or where the
surrounding terrain is rugged and form a
natural defense because of "tribal wars".
Tribal wars occur when a bodong peace pact
system is broken or violated.
The bodong is the most admirable and
efficient Kalinga institution. It is a peace
pact or treaty between two tribes,
wherein the Pagta or laws on inter-tribal
relations are made. The bodong is also the
Magna Carta of the Kalingas.
The main source of livelihood among the
Kalingas is the payew (ricefields) and the uma
(swidden farm). Aside from food production,
cattles are pastured there, and poultry is raised
in the backyard. Small fish (gadiw), shell, and
marine life are taken from the rivers. Men hunt
for wild pigs, deers, and wild fowls in the forest
using spears, indigenous traps or rifles.
Fruit trees, coconut, coffee, and
bananas are grown while sugarcane is
planted and made into basi (wine).
Other economic activities among
Kalingas are cloth and basketweaving,
blacksmith, and pottery.
The Kalinga household consists of a
nuclear family and sometimes, an
aged grandparent. In general, the
Kalingas show great respect for
elders and are claninish.
The Kalinga society may be stratified into
lawaor kapus (poor) and the baknang
(wealthy). Among the signs of prestige
and wealth are possessions of several
ricefields, working animals, heirlooms like
china plates and jars, agate
head/necklaces, and brass gongs.
The identification of self with the
kinship circle could be such that
whatever an individual does is the
responsibility of the group, and
whatever threatens the security of
the group must be opposed by the
individual.
Thank you !