THERMO

DYNAMICS
 TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL
ENERGY

Thermal energy – a form of kinetic energy

characterized by randomness of motion at
the atomic and molecular level

Temperature – the degree or intensity of heat

present in a substance or object; the measure
of the hotness or coldness of a body
Heat – the energy transit from a body of higher
temperature to one of lower temperature,
under the influence of the variation in
temperature; quantity of thermal energy
absorbed or given off by a body.
LET’S DO THIS!
Materials:

1 beaker half filled with hot water

1 beaker filled with hot water up to the brim
2 ice cubes
Stopwatch

Procedure:

Drop the cubes to the individual beakers

See what happens (Observe the rate by which the
ice cube melts)
QUESTIONS…

1. Which of the 2 beakers has thermal energy?

2. Which of the 2 beakers has greater

temperature?

3. Which of the 2 beakers contains more heat?

ANSWERS…

1. Both fluids inside the beaker have thermal

energy.
2. Both have the same temperature.

3. The beaker filled with hot water up to the

brim contains greater heat.
 MEASURING TEMPERATURE

1. Using the tactile sense

2. Using a thermometer

PARTS OF A THERMOMETER
a. Thermal sensor
b. Calibrations ~ °F, °C, or K
 TYPES OF THERMOMETER

1. Dial thermometer – aka Rotary thermometer

2. Glass thermometer – aka liquid-in-glass ~
Mercury or Colored alcohol
3. Thermocouple – aka electronic thermometer

4. Liquid crystal thermometer

 TEMPERATURE SCALES

1. Fahrenheit Scale – (named after Ger.

physicist Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit) based
on the freezing and boiling point of water at
normal atmospheric pressure ~ 32ºF -
freezing pt. and 212ºF – boiling pt.
2. Celsius Scale – (named after Swed.
astronomer Anders C. Celsius) based on the
freezing and boiling point of water at
normal atmospheric pressure ~ 0ºC -
freezing pt. and 100ºC – boiling pt.
3. Kelvin Scale – (named after Brit. physicist
William T. Kelvin) erased the arbitrary
assigned reference points, thus called not a
relative scale but an Absolute temperature
scale. 0 = nothing – Absolute Zero ~ lowest
temperature possible, occurring when all
random motion of molecules has ceased. In
this scale: 273K – freezing pt. of water;
373K – boiling pt.
 CONVERSIONS
• From °F to °C
(°F -32)5/9

• From °C to °F
(°C · 9/5) + 32

• From °C to K
°C + 273

• From °F to K
(°F-32)5/9 + 273
 THERMAL EXPANSION

EXPANSION OF MATERIALS

“Materials expand as their thermal

energy increases.” → Thermal
expansion

It is easier to open a tight bottle cap

by exposing it to heat!
 “Materials contract as their thermal
energy decreases.”
EXPANSION OF MATERIALS UNDER 100°C
Materials Length of
(1 m in length) Expansion

Invar (alloy of Fe and Ni) 0.1 mm

Pyrex 0.3 mm
Platinum alloy 0.9 mm
Glass 0.9 mm
Concrete 1.0 mm
Steel 1.0 mm
Brass 2.0 mm
Aluminum 3.0 mm
 “Modern bridges are usually constructed with:

a. One end attached while the

other end rests on rollers

b. With tooth like seams called,

expansion joints
 THERMOSTAT

“The amount of expansion of a material

depends on the change in temperature.”

The device that regulates the temperature of a material is

called, a thermostat. It is usually consists of bimetallic strips e.g.
Brass (alloy of Cu and Zn) and Fe that are welded together.
When the Brass side is heated it expands and contracts when
cooled → can help turn on/off a device such as heaters.
 HEAT TRANSFER

The study of the flow of heat within an

object or from one medium to another due
to their variation in temperature.

METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

1. Radiation - energy is emitted in the form of
electromagnetic waves or subatomic particles e.g.
heat/warmth felt from a flame or bonfire sans
touching it, the heat from the microwave oven and
the heat from the sun.
2. Conduction - heat energy transfer caused by
direct contact wherein heat travels from one
molecule to another. For example, exposing metal
to a flame, allowing an article to rest on a warm or
hot object.

“Heat flows from a region of high concentration to a

region of low concentration.”

Legend:

Hot → Cold
3. Convection - transference of mass or heat
within a fluid caused by the tendency of
warmer and less dense material to rise
producing air or fluid currents.

Air cools down,

Hot air rises
becomes dense

Air heats up and Cold air sinks

becomes less
dense
 SPECIFIC HEAT

The amount of energy required to raise

the temperature of one kilogram (1 kg) of a
substance by one °C (1°C) or one Kelvin (1 K).
It is expressed in terms of Joules per kilogram-
Kelvin (J/kg·K) or Joules per kilogram degree
Celsius (J/kg·°C) or calorie per gram degree
Celcius (cal/g·°C) in which 1 cal = 4.186 J.
 THERMAL CAPACITY

The amount of heat required to raise the

temperature of a substance by 1 degree (1°)
and is the product of its mass and specific
heat.

ΔQ = mCΔT

Wherein,
ΔQ is change in heat expressed in terms of J
m is the mass of the substance in kg
C is the specific heat in J/kg·K
ΔT is the change in heat in K
WORD PROBLEMS

1. How much heat is needed to raise the

temperature of 150 kg of water to 323 K?

2. What is the temperature of the mixture of

0.75 kg of water at 98°C is added to 0.5kg of
water at 25°C in a polystyrene cup?