Topics: Galilean relativity and Einstein's special

theory of relativity; Lorentz transformation equations,

Length contraction, Time dilation and mass-energy
relation, Photoelectric effect, Compton effect; de
Broglie matter waves and its success in explaining
Bohr's theory, Pauli's exclusion principle, Constituent
of atomic nucleus, Nuclear binding energy, Different
types of radioactivity, Radioactive decay Law; Nuclear
reactions, Nuclear fission, Nuclear fusion, Atomic
power plant.
 Modern Physics

Reference Books

Physics for Engineers by Giasuddin Ahmed (Part-2)

Concept of Modern Physics by Arthur Beiser

Theory of Relativity by Satta Prokash

B. Sc. Physics Volume III BY C. L. Arora

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SCHOOLOGY
8RVMP-Z662S
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Content

Constituents of nucleus
Properties of nucleus
Binding Energy
Binding Energy Curve
Size of Nucleus
Density of Nucleus
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
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Atomic Nucleus

19
Electron :  1 . 6  10 C : Thomson : 1897
19
Proton :  1 .6  10 C : Rutherford: 1909

Neutron : 0 : Chadwick :1932

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Basic properties of Nucleus

Primary constituents of nuclei.

Nuclear mass.
Nuclear charge
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Symbols for Nuclides A

ZX

X is the chemical symbol

Z = Atomic Number = number of proton
N = neutron number = number of neutron
A = Z + N = mass number = Total number of protons and
neutrons.
75
For example arsenic – 75 is represented by 33 As
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Binding energy

The energy needed to break up a nucleus of Z protons and N

neutrons

Let mn and mp be the masses of the neutron and the proton.

M = Zmp+Nmn­.

The mass defect m = Zmp+Nmn – M(A, Z)

The energy equivalent to mass defect is E = (m)c2
= (m)×931.49 MeV/u
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The B.E. of the deuterium:

B. E. = 1mn + 1mp – M

= (1.00866 + 1.00782 – 2.014102) amu

= 0.002378×931.49 MeV
= 2.2151 MeV
Calculate B.E. of the Helium: M= 4.002603 amu
Modern Physics Binding energy curve
The binding energy curve per nucleon is plotted as a function
of mass number A.

The curve rises steeply at first, shows a zigzag at ~ A 30, and then
more gradually until it reaches a maximum of 8.7 MeV at A = 56
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Pauli's exclusion principle

“No two electrons in the same atom can have

the same values for the four quantum numbers.”
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Problem: Calculate the binding energy when (a) one

neutron and one proton combine to form a deuteron (b)
two neutrons and two protons combine to form an α-
particle. Given that, mass of neutron = 1.00893 amu;
mass of proton 1.00813 amu; mass of deuteron =
2.01473 amu; mass of α- particle = 4.00 389 amu.
?
Thank You