Three Major Social Science Theories

• CLASSROOM
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one-mouth policy
• REGULATIONS
Raise your hands if you have necessary
questions, or if you have concerns,
questions and important matter to say.
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• Never EVER DO LATE IN MY CLASS!
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CLASS
• RESPECT MUST BE OPEN-FREE TO
ALL
REVIEW!!!!
1. WHAT IS SOCIAL
SCIENCE?
2. HOW ABOUT
THE NATURAL
SCIENCE?
REVIEW!!!!
1. WHAT IS SOCIAL
SCIENCE?
2. HOW ABOUT
THE NATURAL
SCIENCE?
ACTIVITY!
Using the picture presented
in the presentation, define
the picture either it is a
concept or principles of the
three major social science
theories
1.
2.
3.
Objective:
Analyze the basic concepts and
principles of the major social
science theories:
- Structural-functionalism
- Marxism
- Symbolic interactionism
Sub-Task
Objective:
Define the different
concepts and principles
of the three major
Social Science theories.
Topic:
Defining the different
concepts and principles
of the three major
Social Science theories.
KBI:
Think and
Listen
Attentively!
Motive
•
Questions:
What are the Three
Major Social Science
Theories?
• What are their concepts
and principles?
The Three Major
Social Science Theories
• Structural-
Functionalism
• Marxism
• Symbolic
Interactionism
Structural-
• According to Vincent, 2001,
Functionalism
Functionalism, also called
structural-functional theory,
sees society as a structure with
interrelated parts designed to
meet the biological and social
needs of the individuals in that
society.
Structural-
•Functionalism
Functionalist sociologists
like Parsons and Durkheim
have been concerned with
the search for functions that
institutions may have in
society.
Structural-
• However, another functionalist
Functionalism
sociologist R. Merton has
adopted a concept of
dysfunction – this refers to the
effects of any institution which
detracts from the conservation
of society.
Structural-
Functionalism
• An example of a function which
helps maintain society is that of
the family, its function is to
ensure the continuity of society
by reproducing and socializing
new members.
Concepts of Structural-
Functionalism
• Collective Conscience and Value
Consensus
 Functionalists believe that
without collective conscience/
shared values and beliefs,
achieving social order is
impossible and social order is
crucial for the well-being of
society.
Functionalism
Consensus
 They believe that value consensus
forms the basic integrating
principle in society. And if
members of society have shared
values, they therefore also have
similar identities, this helps
cooperation and avoids conflict.
Functionalism
Consensus
 Value consensus also ensures that
people have shared: Goals, Roles
and Norms. Norms can be
described as specific guidelines of
appropriate behavior; for
example, queuing when buying
things.
Functionalism
• Social Order
 Functionalists believe that there are
four main basic needs that an
individual requires in order to exist
in society.
 They also believe that these four
basic needs are essential for
maintaining social order. They are:
food, shelter, money and clothing.
• Functionalism and Education
Functionalism
 Education also allows people to
train for their future roles in
society. Schools instill the value of
achievement and the value of
equality of opportunity.
 Education helps match people
with jobs suited to them.
Functionalism
 Durkheim believes that
education transmits society’s
norms and values. Education
brings together a mass and
changes them into a united
whole which leads to social
solidarity.
Functionalism
 Parsons (1961) believes that
education leads to
universalistic values and that
education performs a link
between family and the wider
society which in turn leads to
secondary
• Functionalism and Family
Functionalism
 George Peter Murdock
believes that the family
provides four vital functions
for society: sexual,
reproductive, economic, and
educational.
Functionalism
 The family is the primary
point of socialization in that
it provides children with
values and norms. Family
also stabilizes adult
personalities
Functionalism
 A family unit
provides emotional
security for each
person in the
relationship.
• Functionalism and Media
Functionalism
 The media operate in the
public interest by reflecting
the interests of the audience.
It portrays public opinion.
• Functionalism and Media
Functionalism
 The media understands that
society has a wide diversity of
culture and this is shown by
the different amounts of
stories it covers.
• Functionalism and Crime and
Functionalism
Deviance
 Durkheim shows us that
there is such a thing associety,
and that it is this entity called
society that creates crime and
deviance.
Functionalism
Deviance
 Crime and deviance are
socially constructed –they are
not natural, obvious, or
theologically inspired
categories.
Functionalism
Deviance
 Moreover, Durkheim goes
beyond this and shows us how
socially constructed
definitions of crime and
deviance are linked into a
wider social structure.
Marxism
 According to Quexbook, 2018,
Marxism is a social, political, and
economic philosophy named after
Karl Marx, which examines the
effect of capitalism on labor,
productivity, and economic
development and argues for a
worker revolution to overturn
capitalism in favor of communism.
Marxism
 Marxism posits that the struggle
between social classes,
specifically between the
bourgeoisie, or capitalists, and
the proletariat, or workers,
defines economic relations in a
capitalist economy and will
inevitably lead to revolutionary
communism.
Concept of Marxism
 Marxism believes that

capitalism can only thrive
on the exploitation of the
working class.
Concept of Marxism
there was a real
contradiction between
human nature and the
way that we must work
in a capitalist society.
Concept of Marxism
Marxism has a dialectic
approach to life in that
everything has two sides.
capitalism is not only an
economic system but is also
a political system.
Concept of Marxism
economic conflict
produces class (rich,
middle and poor) and
inherently class produces
conflict.
Concept of Marxism
 Capitalism largely shapes the
educational system; without the
education system the economy would
become a massive failure as without
education we are without jobs and
employment which is what keeps society
moving.
• Education helps to maintain the
bourgeoisie and the proletariat so that
there can workers producing goods and
Symbolic Interactionism
According to Quexbook,
2018, The symbolic
interaction perspective,
also called symbolic
interactionism, is a major
framework of the
sociological theory.
 This perspective relies on the
symbolic meaning that people
develop and build upon in the
process of social interaction.
Although symbolic interactionism
traces its origins to Max Weber's
assertion that individuals act
according to their interpretation of
the meaning of their world.
 A social psychological theory
developed from the work of
Charles Horton Cooley and
George Herbert Mead in the
early part of the twentieth
century (the actual name of the
theory comes from Herbert
Blumer, one of Mead’s
According to this
theory, people inhabit
a world that is in
large part socially
construct.
Concepts of Symbolic

Interactionism
The most important
conceptual building block on
which symbolic interactionists
have based their analysis of
human conduct is the concept
of the symbol, or, as Mead
called it, the significant
symbol.
 Symbol is a vocal or other
Interactionism
kind of gesture that has the
same meaning and solicits the
same reaction between the one
using it and to whom it is
directed.
Interactionism
 Conventional Signs
anything associated with
some other thing or event,
but it is produced and
controlled by the very
organisms that have
learned to respond to it.
Interactionism
 Natural Signs are those that
show appropriateness with its
use, that is, the sign is in its
literal form. Object is
anything to which attention
can be paid and towards
which action can be directed.
Interactionism
 Tangible anything that can be
seen by the naked eye and can
be touched(physical).
 Intangible not having a
physical appearance; cannot
be touched or seen by the
naked eye (social).
The Principles of the Three Major
 Societies should be examined
holistically in an interrelated system
framework.
 Causation is reciprocal and, in
many instances, multiple.
 Social systems are generally in a
state of equilibrium.
STRUCTURAL-
 Societies should be examined
holistically in an interrelated system
framework.
 Causation is reciprocal and, in
many instances, multiple.
 Social systems are generally in a
state of equilibrium.
STRUCTURAL-
 The functionalists are less
interested in the history of a
society, but more concerned with
social interaction.
 The functionalists attempt to find
the interrelationship between the
compounds of social structure.
STRUCTURAL-
 Marx has rejected it and has laid
down the famous doctrine of
alienation. That is, he tries to
understand himself or the world
around him through the
alienation.
MARXISM
 The theory of alienation is
the product of the alienated
labor. In fact, alienation
occupies a very important
place in Marx’s theory.
MARXISM
 The theory of alienation is
the product of the alienated
labor. In fact, alienation
occupies a very important
place in Marx’s theory.
MARXISM
 • The entire economic
process including production
and distribution is beyond
the control of workers. They
work just like machine.
MARXISM
 In the opinion of Marx, since
alienation is the greatest evil of
capitalist system the workers must be
freed from this evil.
 But he has warned us by saying that
there is no scope of freeing individuals
from the curse of alienation because it
is an integral part of the capitalist
system.MARXISM
 If we go through Marx’s
analysis, we shall find that the
only way of freeing man from
alienation is the establishment
of communism or communist
society.
MARXISM
 Human beings, unlike lower animals, are
endowed with the capacity for thought.
 The capacity for thought is shaped by
social interaction.
 In social interaction, people learn the
meanings and the symbols that allow them
to exercise their distinctively human
capacity for thought.
SYMBOLIC-
 People are able to modify or alter the
meanings and symbols that they use
inaction and interaction on the basis of
their interpretation of the situation.
 The intertwined patterns of action and
interaction make up groups and
societies.
SYMBOLIC-
 People are able to make these
modifications and alterations because, in
part, of their ability to interact with
themselves, which allows them to examine
possible courses of action, assess their
relative advantages and disadvantages,
and then choose one.
SYMBOLIC-
APPLICATION OF LEARNING!
Define the Three Major
and its Concepts and
Principles by using a
graphic organizer with its
keywords.
WRAP UP THE LESSON!
 What is the significance of
defining the Three Major
Social Theories with its
concepts and principles?
• Knowing this theories, how it
does affect to our daily life?
EVALUATION
Define the three Major
and its Concepts and
Principles in 100-word
essay.
ASSIGNMENT
Give at least 5
examples each of the
Three Major Social
Science Theories that
can be seen in real
life situation.

Three Major Social Science Theories

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• CLASSROOM

Always observeRULES AND

 Marxism believes that

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