EOT PRACTICE QUESTIONS

T2
G10 SESSION 2023-2024
• The concept of electron density helps to describe the probability of finding
an electron at a particular point in space.
The electron configuration of an element describes how electrons are distributed in its
atomic orbitals.
 Chapter 8

A modern periodic table arranges the elements in increasing order of their atomic
numbers and groups atoms with similar properties in the same vertical
column (Figur. Each box represents an element and contains its atomic number,
symbol, average atomic mass, and (sometimes) name.
There are 18 vertical columns called groups and 7 horizontal rows called
periods.As we move from left to write we slowly transit from metals to non
metals through some semi metals.
Metals Non metals Metalloids
Li Xe Si
Ba Cl As
Fe I
P
The position of each element in the table gives important information about its
structure, properties, and behavior in chemical reactions. Specifically, an element's
position in the periodic table helps you figure out its electron configuration, how the
electrons are organized around the nucleus

Na: 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 1
K : 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 23p64s1
F:1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 5
Cl :1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 23p5
Br :[Ar]3d104s24p5
Valence electrons: Electrons present in the outermost energy levels.
Al- Valence electron =3 so group 13
Sr – valence electron =2 so group 2
K- valence electron =1 so group 1
Br= valence electron =7 so group 17, or 7A
P=valence electron =5 so group 5 A, or 15
S= valence electron =6 so group 6A or 16
C= valence electron =4 so group 4A or 14
Effective Nuclear Charge: The effective nuclear charge is the net charge an electron experiences in
an atom with multiple electrons. The effective nuclear charge may be approximated by the
equation:Zeff= Z - S.
Where; Z is the atomic number and S is the number of shielding electrons.

As we move across a period, the number of core electrons remain constant while
nuclear charge increases. The valence electrons that are added do not shield each
other well and they experience a greater effective nuclear charge. Noble gas
experiences the greatest effective nuclear charge so they do not give up electrons.
When adding an electron to a noble gas, the electron would be added to a larger
orbital in the next higher energy level (n). This electron would be effectively
shielded by the inner, core electrons and hence the electrostatic attraction
between the nucleus and this added electron would be low. Therefore, noble gases
tend to not accept additional electrons
8.60 Explain the trends in electron affinity from aluminum to chlorine

Electron affinity increases from Al to Cl, but P has low electron affinity than Si
because, P in its ground state has half filled p orbitals which is very stable, so when
an electron is added to P it goes to p orbital which reduces the stability of P as now
electronic repulsion will be there between one pair of electrons.
To form the +2 ion of calcium, it is only necessary to remove two valence
electrons. For potassium, however, the second electron must come from the
atom’s noble gas core which accounts for the much higher second ionization
energy