INTRODUCTION PART

• covers both the exposition part and the exciting

force. The exposition introduces the setting of
the drama.
• aims to introduce the major characters, the
period in time, and the atmosphere of the
drama.
• It also sets up the coming of the “exciting force”
that shall eventually unfold.
INTRODUCTION PART
• covers both the exposition part and the exciting
force. The exposition introduces the setting of
the drama.
• aims to introduce the major characters, the
period in time, and the atmosphere of the
drama.
• It also sets up the coming of the “exciting force”
that shall eventually unfold.
RISING MOVEMENT
• Follows once the exciting force is set.
• This is Freytag’s second part of the dramatic plot.
• This part continues the movement leading to the
climax of the drama.
• By this time, all characters should have already
been introduced already.
• To most fiction writers, this part is called “rising
action.”
CLIMAX
• a peak of action
• In Freytag’s Pyramid, the climax happens at the
middle of the drama.
• most important section that a writer or
playwright should focus on
• spills the development of actions for the
protagonist.
CLIMAX
• The playwright has to remember that after the
climax, everything on the protagonist start to get
reversed – either in a positive or negative way.
• This is the falling action in the drama, and the
playwright crafts this to prepare the audience for
the denouement. As to what will happen to the
characters, the writer or playwright holds the
audience in suspense. This is the ultimate function
of the falling action.
 DENOUEMENT
• The closing part of Freytag’s Pyramid is the
‘catastrophe’ or the denouement.
• Freytag was a tragedian, hence his closing was more
focused on tragic ending so the term ‘catastrophe’ was
used by him.
• Freytag, in any of his writings, never used
“denouement” in his work. However, literary scholars
have used the term “denouement” to describe endings
with a happy result for the protagonist.
 DENOUEMENT
•The catastrophe or denouement is ‘the end-
of-it-all’. The suspense left by the falling
action is eventually answered in this part.
What happened to who is now clearly shown
to the audience.
2. CHARACTER

Any figure in a literary work is called a

character. These characters interact with
each other in an environment (setting)
creating a sense of motion in the storyline
called actions. Characters are identified
along four classifications.
2. CHARACTER

Major character
• These character plays an important role
• They are sometimes referred to as
“primary” characters as they lead the
plot and are usually the ones greatly
affected by the conflict.
Minor characters
• play lesser roles in the story
• They help illuminate the major
characters and make them standout in
the story.
• The foil character in a drama belongs
to minor character.
The conflict is known to have a strong
relationship with the characters in a
drama, hence it helps create a character
called either as a protagonist or
antagonist.
The protagonist is usually labeled as the
“hero” or the “good” guy. Such character
embodies goodness and righteousness.
They usually succeed in the end but
does not mean they always survive the
plot until the end.
The antagonist on the other hand is the
exact opposite of the protagonist, thus
labeled as “evil”, “villain” or the “bad”
guy. They spark the conflict with the
protagonists in the drama.
Characters may shift or change as the drama
unfolds.
•static character - character who
remains the same until the end
•dynamic character - character who
exhibits some kind of change like in their
attitude, behavior, personality as the
drama progresses.
The final category of a character is along
their complexities. Characters could be:
• flat character - those who are defined by a single
idea of quality that does not need extreme
understanding of their character
• round character - three-dimensional and quite
difficult to understand because they seem so real
like real people. It takes caution in the analysis of
their character since they are quite unpredictable
like real people do.
3. CONFLICT
• Conflict is at the heart of all stories.
• A conflict is a situation or meeting between
characters that results in challenge and opposition.
• In simple definition, most writers call these the
problem or issue which needs to be resolved by the
characters.
• Conflict is very important because if there is no
conflict, there would be no movement and no
narrative drive.
 There are six types of conflicts applicable in
both fiction writing and in drama.
1. MAN versus MAN
- The most common conflict.
- This is also the most common conflict in real life.
- This conflict sometimes is quite interesting
especially when the two people who are in conflict
may be on opposite sides of an issue, but there may be
no clear right or wrong, or both sides may believe
themselves to be in the right.
2. MAN versus NATURE.
 Those which include the forces of nature as
the very source of conflict in the story.
 Stories of survival in the woods as the
characters are hunted by pack of wolves or
getting shipwrecked and floating in the ocean
infested by great white sharks are examples
of this type of conflict.
3. MAN versus SELF
 When a character struggles to free himself or herself from a
psychological dilemma
4. MAN versus SOCIETY
 persecuted by the society
5. man versus supernatural
 character is haunted by unexplained phenomenon
6. MAN versus TECHNOLOGY
 the last type of conflict.
 examples of this could be a scientist trying to stop a rogue
robot invention in destroying planet earth.
4. SUSPENSE

• This element refers to the feeling of uncertainty as

to the outcome of an action.
• In drama, suspense is used to build interest and
excitement on the part of the audience.
• A good playwright should be able to make an
intense suspense on part of the audience or else
they would lose interest, then sleep and eventually
past the time away without watching the play.
5. LANGUAGE
• In drama, language refers to the particular
manner of verbal expressions and diction or style
of writing or the speech that suggests a class or
profession or type of a character.
• The language of characters, presented through
dialogues, also play significant role as it helps to
convey clues to the characters’ feelings,
personalities, backgrounds and even shifts in
personalities.
6. STYLE/STYLIZATION
•This refers to the shaping of dramatic
materials, settings, or costumes for audiences
to understand more about the play as seen
on stage through the perspectives of the
playwright, the directors and the producers.
•Style and stylization also gives the audience
an idea on what period is the setting and why
such actions and movements are executed.
6. STYLE/STYLIZATION
• This refers to the shaping of dramatic materials,
settings, or costumes for audiences to understand more
about the play as seen on stage through the
perspectives of the playwright, the directors and the
producers.
• Style and stylization also gives the audience an idea on
what period is the setting and why such actions and
movements are executed.
• Styles that greatly depend on the playwright as to how
7. DIALOGUE
• The characters in a drama interact and
communicate through an element called dialogue.
• dialogue helps to identify one character from the
other since it has the potential to reveal
personalities, attitudes, and feelings.
• Together with nonverbal expressions, dialogues,
in the form of expressions, are effective means in
immortalizing characters.
7. DIALOGUE
•special dialogues
•A character could be delivering a soliloquy
(so-li-lo-kwi), a long speech delivered by a
character who is alone onstage. A soliloquy
helps reveal the private thoughts and
emotions of the character for the audience to
know.
8. THEME
• In drama, theme refers to the basic idea that
the playwright would like the audience to
know and feel.
•Very much like themes in narratives, themes
in dramas are also universal and are
applicable in real life.
B. TECHNICAL ELEMENTS

Technical elements in drama include

scenery, costumes, props, lights,
sounds, music, and the makeup. In
big theatrical productions, every
technical element is handled by a
director.
SCENERY
 These are technically the theatrical equipment
used in a drama production.
 This would include curtains, backdrops, flats, and
platforms.
 This theatrical equipment in dramatic
productions help to communicate the setting and
the entire environment into where the story of
the drama unfolds.
3. PROPS
 The word ‘props’ is short for the word
‘properties’
 help give colors to the dramatic
production
 any movable object with significance to
a scene or an action.
5. SOUND and MUSIC
 Works very much like the lights, the sounds
and music that audience hear create the
effects to communicate the character, the
context of the scene, or the entire
environment of the setting.
6. MAKE-UP
 This is what makes the actors and actresses
vibrant on stage.
It includes costume accessories, wigs, and
even body paint used to transform an actor
or actress into the character to be played.
C. PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS
 This refers to the use of the body, face, and
the voice to portray a particular character on
stage.
The success in the portrayal of a character
depends on the ability of the performer to
relate to the feelings the character being
played.
C. PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS
1. ACTING and SPEAKING
 This refers to the use of the body, face,
and the voice to portray a particular
character on stage.
Speaking styles
• are also important on stage during the
portrayal of a character.
• repetitive expressions used by the
characters are also speaking styles that
identifies them from other characters.
 2. NONVERBAL EXPRESSIONS
 Nonverbal expressions are part of acting that
do not need voicing out of dialogues. This
includes gestures, facial expressions, and stage
blockings.
 Stage blocking refers to the movements of
performers onstage during performance putting
into consideration that all performers are on the
right places to be seen by the audience.
 DRAMA TECHNIQUES
• also called drama strategies
• are effective means to convey to
audiences what a performer would
like to express either in verbal or
non-verbal means
FIVE DRAMA TECHNIQUES which help improve
performance of actors or actresses in a drama:
1.BODY MOVEMENTS
• One has to remember that a character can also be
conveyed through posture, gesture, eye contact and
facial expressions aside from the vocal expressions.
• In such manners, audience instantly identify with a
character type or understand a situation without a
single word being spoken.