Understanding

of Teaching
and Learning
DR NORMAH BINTI ZAKARIA
SENIOR LECTURER JPV
It learning you will teach, and in
teaching you will learn

- PHILL COLLINS-
What is Learning? Learning is the
process of acquiring
New knowledge and intellectual skills
(Cognitive learning)
New manual or physical skills
(Psychomotor learning)
New emotional responses, attitudes, and values
(Affective learning)
Levels of Intellectual Skills –
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Remembering
Understanding
Applying
Analyzing
Evaluating
Creating
How Do We Learn?

Receiving new knowledge

and
Processing new knowledge
Receiving New Knowledge
What type of information do you prefer?
Sensing learner
Intuitive learner
What sensory channel do you perceive external information most
effectively?
Visual learner
Verbal learner
Sensing Learner
1. Description: A sensing learner tends to focus on concrete information and facts. They prefer learning through direct
experiences, observation, and tangible examples.
2. Characteristics:
1. Prefers step-by-step instructions.
2. Enjoys hands-on activities and practical demonstrations.
3. Values real-world applications of knowledge.
4. Relies on past experiences and established procedures.
3. Preferred Learning Environments:
1. Structured and organized.
2. Clear goals and objectives.
3. Opportunities for hands-on practice.
4. Examples:
1. Learning how to assemble furniture by following a manual.
2. Following a recipe precisely when cooking.
3. Excel in fields like engineering, accounting, or healthcare where attention to detail and practical application are
crucial.
 Intuitive Learner
Description: An intuitive learner tends to focus on abstract concepts and connections between ideas. They enjoy exploring
possibilities, generating ideas, and understanding underlying principles.
• Characteristics:
• Prefers exploring theories and concepts.
• Enjoys brainstorming and creative problem-solving.
• Values understanding the big picture before focusing on details.
• Relies on intuition and imagination.

• Preferred Learning Environment:

• Flexible and open-ended.
• Encourages creativity and exploration.
• Allows for discussions and debates.

• Examples:
• Exploring theoretical physics concepts.
• Participating in strategy games that require thinking ahead.
• Excel in fields like art, design, or entrepreneurship where creativity and innovation are key.
Processing New Knowledge
The way you prefer to process new information
Active Learners
Reflective learners
The way you progress toward understanding
Sequential learners
Global learners
ACTIVE AND REFLECTIVE LEARNERS

Active learners tend to retain and understand

information best by doing something active with
it--discussing or applying it or explaining it to
others. Reflective learners prefer to think about
it quietly first.
Sequential learners & Global learners
Sequential learners prefer to organize information in a linear,
orderly fashion. They learn in logically sequenced steps and
work with information in an organized and systematic way.
Global learners prefer to organize information more
holistically and in a seemingly random manner without seeing
connections.
Metacognition – Improve Your
Learning
Plan your learning
Monitor your learning
Evaluate your learning and make changes
Characteristics of “Expert”
Learners
Control the learning process rather than become a victim of it

Are active, not passive, in their approach to learning

Are motivated (e.g., enjoy learning, have short-term and long-term goals, etc)

Are disciplined (e.g. have learned good habits and use them consistently)

Are more aware of themselves as learners (e.g. know their strengths and weaknesses)

\Initiate opportunities to learn

Set specific learning goals for themselves

Have a larger repertoire of learning strategies from which to choose

Overview of the Teaching Process
Teaching modes
Large lectures
Small lectures
Recitations
One-on-one tutoring
PEDAGOGY DEFINITION
What is pedagogy explained simply?
Pedagogy refers to the method and practices of a
teacher. It's how they approach their teaching style
and relates to the different theories they use, how they
give feedback and the assessments they set.
What is the pedagogy concept?
Pedagogy refers to the way of teaching students,
whether it is the theory or practice of educating. It is a
relationship between the culture and techniques of
learning. The main aim of pedagogy is to build on the
previous learning of the students and work on the
development of skills and attitudes of the learners.
What are the 5 pedagogical
approaches?

The five major approaches

are Constructivist, Collaborative,
Integrative, Reflective, and Inquiry-Based
Learning ( 2C-2I-1R ).
What are the basic principles of
pedagogy?
The key pedagogical principles focused on teaching‐learning
arrangements and methods, relationship to pupils and
learning environment, general educational principles, and
expected skills and attitudes. The first two were among the
most often described cases of successful teaching ‐learning
events.
What is the difference between
teaching and pedagogy?
Pedagogy is a theoretical part of education that helps
teachers to know the objective, process, and outcomes of the
teaching process. Teaching is the practical part of education.
It is an implementation part of the education process.
Building a house without knowledge of architectural ideas
may lead to wrong or/weak design
Why is pedagogy important in
teaching?
The pedagogical skill analysis is essential for
uncovering the secrets to creating a successful and
impactful learning experience. Teachers with strong
pedagogical skills are true education leaders, helping
students reach their full potential and achieve
academic success
Is pedagogy the same as learning theory?
Learning theories are focused on how learners learn,
and how they intake, process, and retain new
knowledge. Pedagogy is the method and practice by
which teachers teach. While these terms are indeed
linked, they are not interchangeable
Approaches to education and
learning
Andragogy
Heutagogy
Cybergogy
Peeragogy
21st- century Pedagogy
Andragogy
This term was coined by Malcolm Knowles and refers to the
method and practice of teaching adult learners. Andragogy
differs from pedagogy, which is the teaching of children, in
that it takes into account the unique characteristics and needs
of adult learners, such as their self-direction and life
experiences.
Heutagogy
This is a relatively newer term, coined by Stewart Hase and
Chris Kenyon, which emphasizes self-determined learning.
In heutagogy, learners are encouraged to take control of their
learning processes, including setting their learning goals and
methods. It focuses on developing the skills and mindset
necessary for lifelong learning.
Cybergogy
This term refers to the use of technology in teaching and
learning. It encompasses the methods, strategies, and
principles of teaching and learning in digital environments.
Cybergogy involves utilizing various digital tools and
platforms to enhance the learning experience, such as online
courses, multimedia resources, and virtual reality
simulations.
Peeragogy
Peeragogy is an approach to learning where peers
collaborate to create and share knowledge. It emphasizes the
importance of peer interaction, collaboration, and
cooperation in the learning process. Peeragogy can occur in
various settings, including formal education environments,
online communities, and workplace training programs.
21st-Century Pedagogy
This term refers to modern teaching methods and practices that are
adapted to the needs and challenges of the 21st century. It
encompasses a range of approaches, including student-centered
learning, project-based learning, inquiry-based learning, and the
integration of technology into the classroom. 21st-century pedagogy
aims to prepare students with the skills and competencies they need
to succeed in a rapidly changing world.