UNIT - II

Analysis of Thermodynamic Cycles

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Presented By:
National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur (H.P.)
1
Dr. Deepak Sharma
 UNIT – II (Analysis of thermodynamic cycles)

Efficiency of Carnot, Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Concept of heat addition, heat

rejection, work and efficiency. Classification of IC Engines, Efficiencies of IC

Engines, CRDI, MPFI, Concept of hybrid engines.

Carnot Engine
Carnot Engine
Carnot Engine
Carnot Engine
Carnot Engine
Carnot Engine
Carnot Engine
Carnot Engine
Carnot Cycle
Terminology of Internal Combustion Engine
Terminology of Internal Combustion Engine
Terminology of Internal Combustion Engine
Basic components of Internal Combustion Engine
Basic components of Internal Combustion Engine
Four Stroke SI Engine
Four Stroke SI Engine
Four Stroke SI Engine
Four Stroke SI Engine
Four Stroke SI Engine
Four Stroke CI Engine
Four Stroke CI Engine
Four Stroke CI Engine
Four Stroke CI Engine
Thermodynamic Cycles
Otto Cycle
Otto Cycle
Otto Cycle
Otto Cycle
Otto Cycle
Otto Cycle
Otto Cycle
Otto Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Diesel Cycle
 Introduction

In General: An engine is a device which transforms one form of energy into another form.
In Automotive: Engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal
energy and utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work.
Introduction
 Classification of Heat Engines

Internal combustion engine, In this engine, the products of combustion of air and fuel
transfer heat to a second fluid which is the working fluid of the cycle. Ex: petrol engine is an
example of internal combustion engine, where the working fluid is a mixture of air and fuel .

External combustion engine, working fluid gets energy using boilers by burning fossil fuels
or any other fuel, thus the working fluid does not come in contact with combustion products.

Ex: steam engine is an example of external combustion engine, where the working fluid is
steam.
Internal Combustion Engines
External Combustion Engines
 Classification of Heat Engines
Engines whether Internal Combustion or External Combustion are of two types:
(I) Rotary engines, (II) Reciprocating engines
 Continued

Internal combustion engines may be classified as :

– Spark Ignition engines.

– Compression Ignition engines.

• Spark ignition engine (SI engine): An engine in which the combustion process in each cycle is
started by use of an external spark.

• Compression ignition engine (CI engine): An engine in which the combustion process starts when
the air-fuel mixture self ignites due to high temperature in the combustion chamber caused by high
compression.

– Spark ignition and Compression Ignition engine operate on either a four stroke cycle or a two
stroke cycle.
 Continued

Four stroke cycle: It has four piston strokes over two revolutions for each cycle.

Two stroke cycle: It has two piston strokes over one revolution for each cycle.

We will be dealing with Spark Ignition engine and Compression Ignition engine operating on a four
stroke cycle.
Continued
 Other Classifications

1. According to the basic engine design- (a) Reciprocating engine (Use of cylinder piston
arrangement), (b) Rotary engine (Use of turbine)
2. According to the type of fuel used- (a) Petrol engine, (b) diesel engine, (c) gas engine (CNG,
LPG), (d) Alcohol engine (ethanol, methanol etc.)
3. According to the number of strokes per cycle- (a) Four stroke and (b) Two stroke engine
4. According to the method of igniting the fuel- (a) Spark ignition engine, (b) compression ignition
engine and (c) hot spot ignition engine
5. According to the working cycle- (a) Otto cycle (constant volume cycle) engine, (b) diesel cycle
(constant pressure cycle) engine, (c) dual combustion cycle (semi diesel cycle) engine.
6. According to the number of cylinder- (a) Single cylinder and (b) multi-cylinder engine
 Other Classifications

7. According to the fuel supply and mixture preparation- (a) Carbureted type (fuel supplied through
the carburetor), (b) Injection type (fuel injected into inlet ports or inlet manifold, fuel injected into the
cylinder just before ignition)
8. According to the Method of cooling- water cooled or air cooled
9. According to the Speed of the engine- Slow speed, medium speed and high speed engine
10. According to the Cylinder arrangement-Vertical, horizontal, inline, V-type, radial, opposed
cylinder or piston engines.
11. According to the Valve or port design and location- Overhead (I head), side valve (L head); in
two stroke engines: cross scavenging, loop scavenging, uniflow scavenging.
12. Application- Automotive engines for land transport, marine engines for propulsion of ships,
aircraft engines for aircraft propulsion, industrial engines, prime movers for electrical generators
Comparison
External combustion engine Internal combustion engine
Combustion of air-fuel is outside the engine Combustion of air-fuel is inside the engine
cylinder (in a boiler) cylinder (in a boiler)
The engines are running smoothly and
Very noisy operated engine
silently due to outside combustion

Higher ratio of weight and bulk to output

due to presence of auxiliary apparatus like It is light and compact due to lower ratio of
boiler and condenser. Hence it is heavy and weight and bulk to output.
cumbersome.

Working pressure and temperature inside

Working pressure and temperature inside
the engine cylinder is low; hence ordinary
the engine cylinder is very much high; hence
alloys are used for the manufacture of engine
special alloys are used
cylinder and its parts.
High grade fuels are used with proper
It can use cheaper fuels including solid fuels
filtration
Lower efficiency about 15-20% Higher efficiency about 35-40%
Higher requirement of water for dissipation
Lesser requirement of water
of energy through cooling system
High starting torque IC engines are not self-starting
 Components of IC engines

• Cylinder Block
• Cylinder
• Cylinder Head
• Piston
• Piston Rings
• Connecting Rod
• Crankshaft
• Crankcase
• Camshaft
 Components of IC engines

• Exhaust manifold
• Intake manifold
• Carburettor
• Spark plug
• Exhaust System
• Flywheel
• Fuel Injector
• Fuel Pump
• Combustion Chamber
Components of IC engines
 Engine Terminology
1. Cylinder bore (D)
2. Piston area (A)
3. Stroke (L)
4. Stroke to Bore Ratio (L/D)
5. Dead centre
(a)Bottom dead centre (BDC)
(b)Top dead centre (TDC)
5. Displacement volume or swept volume
(Vs): A × L
6. Clearance volume (Vc)
7. Cylinder volume (V): V= Vs + Vc
8. Compression ratio (r)=VT/VC ,

V +V /V = 1+V /V
 Basic Performance Parameters

1.Indicated Horse Power (I.H.P)

2.Brake Horse Power (B.H.P)
3.Frictional Horse Power (F.H.P)
4.Indicated Thermal Efficiency
5.Brake Thermal Efficiency
6.Mechanical Efficiency
7.Volumetric Efficiency
8.Relative Efficiency
9.Mean Effective Pressure
10.Mean Piston Speed
11.Specific Power Output
12.Specific Fuel Consumption
13.Air-Fuel Ratio
14.Calorific Value of the Fuel
 Engine Performance Parameters
Indicated Power
The power produced inside the engine cylinder by burning of fuel is known as indicated power (I.P.) of engine.
It is calculated by finding the actual mean effective pressure.
Actual Mean Effective Pressure,
Where,
a = area of the actual indicator diagram,
l = base width of the indicator diagram, cm
s = spring value of the spring used in the indicator, N/m 2/cm

= Mean effective pressure, N/m2

L = Length of stroke, m
A = Area of the cross section of the cylinder, m2
N = RPM of the engine crankshaft
 Engine Performance Parameters
Brake Power

It is the power available at engine crank shaft for doing useful work. It is also known as engine output power. It is measured by

dynamometer. It is usually 70 to 85% of its indicated horsepower.

where, T is Torque in Nm and N is rotational speed in revolutions per second

T=W × R

W= Net load acting on the brake drum, N

R = Effective radius of the brake drum, m

T = Torque, N-m
Engine Performance Parameters

Frictional Horse Power (F.H.P.):

Output power (or B.H.P.) of an engine is always

less than the input power (or I.H.P.) because

some power is lost in overcoming the friction

between the moving parts.

The power lost in friction in the engine

mechanism is called frictional horsepower. It is

equal to the difference between the I.H.P. and

B.H.P. Thus,

F.H.P. = I.H.P. – B.H.P.

Engine Performance Parameters

Mechanical Efficiency:
Mechanical efficiency is defined as the ratio of brake power (delivered power) to the indicated power (power provided to the
piston)

=i
Volumetric Efficiency:
It indicates the breathing ability of the engine. It is to be noted that the utilization of the air is that determines the power
output of the engine. Intake system must be designed in such a way that the engine must be able to take in as much air as
possible.
It is defined as the ratio of actual volume flow rate of air into the intake system to the rate at which the volume is displaced by
the system.
Engine Performance Parameters

Indicated Thermal Efficiency:

The actual amount of energy stored in the fuel/s = mass of fuel/s × calorific value of the fuel is known as fuel

energy. The ratio between the Indicated Power to Fuel Energy is termed Indicated Thermal Efficiency.

Brake Thermal Efficiency:

It is the ratio of power available at crank to the input fuel energy in appropriate units.
Engine Performance Parameters

Air Standard Efficiency:

It is the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle of the engine.

For Petrol Engine,

For Diesel Engine,

Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio:

It is the ratio of an actual cycle to that of the ideal cycle. The efficiency ratio is a very useful criterion which indicates the

degree of development of the engine.

Engine Performance Parameters

Mean Piston Speed:

The mean piston speed is the twice length of stroke and rotation speed of the crankshaft.

Where,
L = Length of stroke, N = Crankshaft speed in r.p.m.

Specific Output:

The specific output of the engine is defined as the power output per unit area.
Engine Performance Parameters
Specific Fuel Consumption:
Specific fuel consumption is defined as the amount of fuel consumed by the engine for one unit of power
production. It is used to express the fuel efficiency of an engine.

Air Fuel Ratio:

It is considered very important in the performance of the engine. In a spark-ignition engine, the air-fuel ratio will
be the same for most operations.
Whereas in the compression engines, the fuel is entered individually with the help of a fuel injector so that if the
load needs to be increased, the amount of fuel will increase directly into the cylinder.
• Stoichiometric mixture
• Rich mixtures
• Lean mixtures
 Basic Performance Parameters

14. Calorific Value of the Fuel:

The calorific value of the fuel can be defined as the amount of thermal energy delivered per unit quantity of fuel when it is
fully burned.
Classification
Types of Petrol (gasoline) injection system:

There are two methods are used for petrol injection as continuous injection and timed injection.

 In continuous injection system, fuel is sprayed at low pressure continuously into the air supply.

 The quantity of fuel is controlled by air throttle opening, and no timing device is used.

 The timed injection is similar to diesel injection system, the metered quantity of petrol is injected at correct

time and regulated by speed of engine.

 Petrol injection system was invented approximately before 20 years and day by day number of modifications

takes place in this system.

 In indirect injection, fuel is injected into the air
stream before entering the combustion chamber as
shown in figure.
 In the direct injection, fuel is injected directly
inside to combustion chamber as shown in figure.
 The indirect injection can be classified as single
point injection and multipoint fuel injection.
 The single point injection also called throttle
injection in which fuel is injected one place in
throttle body as shown in figure and then mixture
supply to different cylinders.
 In case of port injection also called multi point fuel
injection, air sucks through throttle body, and fuel is
injected near inlet valve of every cylinders.
Direct injection system (DI):
In this system petrol is directly inside the cylinder at the end of compression stroke, similarly as that of diesel
injection.
Pressure required for fuel injection is very high (about 40 to 65 bar) in order to make better and quicker
vaporization.
Modern gasoline engines may utilize direct injection using electronic control which is referred to as gasoline direct
injection (GDI).
Advantages of GDI system are:
(1) Better vaporization
(2) Higher volumetric efficiency
(3) Easy cold starting
(4) Better performance at idling, low load and high load condition
(5) Lower exhaust emission
(6) Higher efficiency and better mileage
Injection System
Injection System
Injection System
Injection System
Injection System
MPFI
 It consist of ECU, fuel injectors and
MPFI different sensors. The different
sensors and their functions are given
as follows:
1. Inlet manifold pressure sensor: It
is used to sense the pressure of
air in the intake manifold in order
to adjust A/F ratio as per the load
on the engine.
2. Air flow sensor: It measures
volume of air flowing through
intake manifold to adjust A/F ratio
as per the load on the engine.
3. Engine Speed Sensor: To sense
the speed of the engine in order
to adjust A/F ratio.
4. Throttle position sensor: This
sensor monitors position of
throttle valve to adjust A/F ratio
for required speed and
acceleration.
 5. Coolant temperature sensor: It
MPFI senses the outlet temperature of
cooling water so that ECU adjusts
the A/F mixture supplied to the
engine for mixing rich mixture
particular for cold starting.

6. Inlet Air temperature sensor: It

senses the intake air temperature
in order to adjust A/F ratio for
cold starting.

7. Knock Sensor: It detects the

pitching noise so that the ignition
timing can be retarted to avoid
knocking.

8. Exhaust gas sensor: It

measures O2 percentage in
exhaust gases and calculates the
A/F ratio as per requirement.
MPFI
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