Fibre Optics And Laser

Instrumentation
: Optical Sensor

S.Janarthanan
Assistant Professor( SL.G)
Kongu Engineering College,
Perundurai, Erode- 638060.

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 Optical Fiber Sensor
Optical fiber sensor: A sensor that measures a
physical quantity based on its modulation on the
intensity, spectrum, phase, or polarization of light
traveling through an optical fiber.

Advantages of optical fiber sensors

Compact size
Multi-functional
Remote accessible
Multiplexing
Resistant to harsh environment
Immunity to electro-magnetic interference
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 Optical Fiber Sensor

 Definition of Optical Fiber Sensor

Block Diagram of Optical Fiber Sensor System

Optical fibers Optical Rx

Optical Tx &
Actuators

Data Acquisition
Control system And health
Assessment

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 Basic block diagram for optical fiber sensor system

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 OPTICAL SENSOR MEASURANDS
Temperature Chemical species
Pressure Force
Flow Radiation
Liquid level PH
Displacement Humidity
Vibration Strain
Rotation Velocity
Magnetic fields Electric fields
Acceleration Acoustic fields

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE

• light beam changes by the phenomena that is

being measured
• light may change in its five optical properties
i.e intensity, phase, polarization, wavelength
and spectral distribution
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 TYPES OF SENSORS
A. Based on Sensor location
i. Intrinsic -- Physical parameter to be sensed acts directly on the
fibre to produce changes in the transmission characteristics

ii. Extrinsic -- Separate sensing element is used and the optical

fibre is a waveguide.

B. Based on operating Principle.

i. Based on intensity ii. Based on phase
iii. Based on frequency (Wavelength) iv. Based on polarization

C. According to application
i. Physical sensor ii. Chemical sensor
iii. Bio-medical sensor

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 INTRINSIC SENSORS

intrinsic sensors are different in that the

light beam does not leave the optical fiber
but is changed whilst still contained within it.

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 EXTRINSIC SENSORS

Where the light leaves the feed or

Transmitting fiber to be changed before
It continues to the detector by means
Of the return or receiving fiber

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 COMPARISON OF THE TWO TYPES
Extrinsic
 Applications-
temperature, pressure,
liquid level and flow.
 Less sensitive
 Easily multiplexed
 ingress/ egress
connection problems
 Easier to use
 Less expensive
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Intrinsic
Applications- rotation,
acceleration, strain, acoustic
pressure and vibration.
More sensitive
Tougher to multiplex
Reduces connection
problems
More elaborate signal
demodulation
More expensive
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 Fibre Optics Pressure Sensor
Based On Intensity Modulated : 1. Transmissive Fiber Optic Pressure
Sensor
2. Transmissive Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor Using Moving Grating

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 Fibre Optics Pressure Sensor
Based On Intensity Modulated : Frustrated Total Internal Reflective
Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor

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 Fibre Optics Pressure Sensor
Based On Intensity Modulated : Reflective Fiber Optic Pressure
Sensor using Diaphragm

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 Fibre Optics Pressure Sensor
Based On Intensity Modulated : Near Total Internal Reflective Fiber
Optic Pressure Sensor

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 Fibre Optics Pressure Sensor
Based On Intensity Modulated : Micro Bending Fiber Optic Pressure
Sensor

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 Fibre Optics Pressure Sensor
Based On Polarizing Modulated Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor

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 Fibre Optics Pressure Sensor
Based On Polarizing Modulated Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor Using a
Birefringent Crystal

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 Fibre Optics Pressure Sensor
Based On Phase ( Interferometry) Modulated Fiber Optic Pressure
Sensor : Mach Zehnder Interferometry

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Fibre Optics Temperature Sensor
Reflective Type Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor
Using bimetallic Transducer

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Fibre Optics Temperature Sensor
Reflective Type Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor
Using Differential Thermal Expansion

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Fibre Optics Temperature Sensor
Reflective Type Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor
Using Birefringent Crystal

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Fibre Optics Temperature Sensor
Reflective Type Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor Probe
Using Semiconductor Crystal ( Hermetically Sealed inside a Glass
Capillary Tube)

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Fibre Optics Temperature Sensor
Schematic Representation of a Reflective Fiber Optic Sensor Using
Spectral Modulation)

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Fibre Optics Temperature Sensor
Sensor Tip (Highly Enlarged) for a Fluorescent Sensor

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Fibre Optics Temperature Sensor
Schematic Representation Fluorescent Temperature Sensor System

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Fibre Optics Temperature Sensor
Block body Temperature Sensor Configuration

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Fibre Optics Temperature Sensor
Interferometry Temperature Sensor Configuration

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 Fibre Optics Level Sensor
Fiber Optic Level Sensor Includes :
1.Sight Glass
2.Force (Bouyancy)
3.Pressure ( Hydrostatic)
4.Reflective surface
5.Refractive Index Change

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 Fibre Optics Level Sensor
Fiber Optic Level Sensor: Sight Glass
Bi Color Liquid Level Gauge

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 Fibre Optics Level Sensor
Fiber Optic water level viewing system

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 Fibre Optics Level Sensor
Based On Intensity Modulated : 1. Transmissive Fiber Optic Level Sensor

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 Fibre Optics Level Sensor
2 . Force ( Buoyancy)
Reflective and Transmissive Fiber Optic Level Sensor

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 Fibre Optics Level Sensor
Fiber Optic Level Sensor Digital

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 Fibre Optics Level Sensor
Fiber Optic Level Sensor Analog

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 Fibre Optics Level Sensor
Fiber Optic Level Sensor : Pressure Head

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 Fibre Optics Level Sensor
Fiber Optic Level Sensor : Refractive Index

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 Fibre Optics Level Sensor
Fiber Optic Level Sensor : Surface Reference

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 Fibre Optics Level Sensor
Fiber Optic Level Sensor : Refractive Index

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 Fibre Optics Level Sensor
Fiber Optic Level Sensor : Prism Type Refractive Index Change

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 Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
• Uses phase difference
between two beams
circling a fiber loop in
opposite directions to
very precisely
measure rotation rate.
– Precision better than
0.1 deg./hr readily • Fiber gyros can be
done: can measure made extremely
Earth’s rotation rate. durable: they
withstand being fired
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in mortar shells.
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 Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
Sagnac Effect in a Coiled Fiber Used Rotation Rate Sensing

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 Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
Sagnac Configuration with Geometric Parameters Defined

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 Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
Biasing Approach

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 Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
Analog and Digital Fiber Optic Gyroscope

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