CH.3.

14
Week 07 - Week 08
Learning Outcome:
Describe redox reactions, Faraday's law,
and relate their understanding to
different industrial application of
electrolytic and galvanic cell also able to
protect metals against corrosion
Key Concepts:
1. Redox processes: electron transfer and
changes in oxidation number.
2. Faraday laws and Faraday constant.
3. Standard e.m.f calculations.
4. Differentiate between anode and cathode.
5. Electroplating application.
Skills:-
1.Balance redox half reactions
2.Dependence of cell potential
and cell concentration
3.The Nernst Equation, Ion
selective electrodes, calculation
of equilibrium constants for
redox reactions
Textbook and Resource and Materials:
Active Chemistry:
HOLT Chemistry: Ch. 17
Zumdhul Chemistry : ch18
Capstone Connection :

Role of batteries in developing

Egypt industrial base
Essential Questions:
What industrial applications use
electrochemistry?
What is the impact of corrosion
on metal industries?
Redox Reactions
Redox Reactions
 oxidation number
the number of electrons that must be added to or removed
from an atom in a combined state to convert the atom into
the elemental form
 EXERCISE!

Find the oxidation states for each of the elements in each of the
following compounds:

K2Cr2O7
CO32-
MnO2
PCl5
SF4

13
Redox Characteristics

Transfer of electrons
Transfer may occur to form ions
Oxidation – increase in oxidation state (loss of electrons); reducing
agent
Reduction – decrease in oxidation state (gain of electrons); oxidizing
agent

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16

Which of the following are oxidation-reduction reactions?
Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent.

 Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

 2CuCl(aq) CuCl2(aq) + Cu(s)
DETERMINE THE OXIDATION NUMBER
 1-Calculate the oxidation number for carbon in each of the following
compounds:
(a)diamond, C
(b) dry ice, CO2
(c) marble, CaCO3
(d) baking soda, NaHCO3

2- Calculate the oxidation number for sulfur in each of the following ions.
(a) sulfide ion, S2–
(b) sulfite ion, SO32–
(c) sulfate ion, SO42–
(d) thiosulfate ion, S2O32–
3- A redox reaction occurs when molten aluminum reacts with
iron(III) oxide.
Indicate each of the following for the preceding redox reaction
:

(a) substance oxidized (b) substance reduced

(c) oxidizing agent (d)reducing agent
Balance the reaction between solid zinc and aqueous hydrochloric acid to
produce aqueous zinc(II) chloride and hydrogen gas.

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23

Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions by Oxidation States

Write the unbalanced equation.

Determine the oxidation states of all atoms in the reactants and
products.
Show electrons gained and lost using “tie lines.”
Use coefficients to equalize the electrons gained and lost.
Balance the rest of the equation by inspection.
Add appropriate states.

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 24

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) Zn2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + H2(g)

25
Balance the following equations in basic medium
Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions (Acidic)
 Silver is sometimes found in nature as large nuggets;
more often it is found mixed with
other metals and their ores. An aqueous solution
containing cyanide ion is often used
to extract the silver using the following reaction that
occurs in basic solution:

Balance this equation using the half-reaction method.

:electrolyte Nonelectrolytes
A substance that, in solution or when
A substance that, in solution or when
molten, dos not ionize or conduct electricity
molten, ionizes and conducts electricity

Weak Electrolytes STRONG Electrolytes

Weak electrolytes are substances that Weak electrolytes are substances that exhibit
exhibit a small degree of ionization in a complet ionization in water.That is, they is
water . That is, they produce relatively few , disociated when they dissolve in water
,ions when dissolved in water
electrochemical cells
 Galvanic Cell
Spontaneous

Electrolytic cell
Nonspontaneous
 Galvanic Cell
They are cells converts chemical
energy into electric energy
Spontaneous
Galvanic Cell
 Galvanic Cell
a device that can change chemical energy into electrical energy

Line Notation Zn / Zn2+ // Cu2+ / Cu

Role of salt bridge
1-helps in preventing the accumulation of positive and negative

charges around the respective electrodes and further allows a smooth

reaction to take place.

2- It also helps in the continual flow of electrons. However, the

purpose of a salt bridge is not to move electrons from the electrolyte;

rather, it’s to maintain charge balance because the electrons are

moving from one-half cell to the other.

3-A salt bridge prevents the diffusion or mechanical flow of solution

from one-half cell to another.

standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).
Standard Reduction Potentials
 Solution

Line Notation
Line Notation
Description of a Galvanic Cell

Line Notation
Line Notation
Description of a Galvanic Cell

Line Notation
Cell Potential, Electrical Work,and Free Energy
 the efficiency of this cell is

the change in free energy equals the maximum useful work

obtainable from that process

For standard conditions,

predict whether 1 M HNO3 will
dissolve gold metal to form a 1-M
Au3 solution
Dependence of Cell Potential on concentration
Concentration Cells
Determine the direction of electron flow, and designate the
anode and cathode for the cell represented in Fig.
 The Nernst Equation

The Nernst equation is often given in a form that is valid at 25 oC:

Example
Solution
Example
 The Nernst Equation
At equilibrium:

Q = k

The cell no longer has the ability to do work

Example
 Batteries

Primary( not charged )

secondary( recharged)
The Dry Cell Battery
In the alkaline version
The Mercury Battery
often used in calculators
Other types of useful batteries include the silver
cell, which has a Zn anode and a
cathode that uses Ag2O as the oxidizing agent in a
basic environment.
Fuel Cells
Lead Storage Battery secondary( recharged)
Nickel–cadmium battery secondary( recharged)

2
Lithium-ion batteries secondary( recharged)

Lithium-ion batteries are used in cell

phones, laptop computers, power tools, and
even electric drive systems in automobiles
and motorcycles.
Corrosion
 Prevention of Corrosion
1-paint or metal plating
Chromium and tin are often used to plate steel
2- galvanizing,

3- Alloying

4- Cathodic protection
 Electrolysis Oxidation and Reduction

Electrolysis is a way of separating a compound by passing an electric current

through it; the products are the compound’s component ions.
anode: The electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs. (+) electrode liberation
cathode: The electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction occurs. (-) electrode deposition
 Faraday's Laws
In 1833, Michael Faraday (1791-1867) assumed that during the passage of an
electric current through a solution (Figure 1) the flow of electricity is associated with
the movement of particles of matter carrying either positive or negative charges called
ions.
 1- Faraday's Laws
𝐦 ∝𝐐 𝐨𝐫 𝐦 ∝ 𝐈 × 𝐭 𝐨𝐫 𝐦 = 𝐞 𝐐 = 𝐞 × 𝐈 × t
e is a constant of proportionality called electrochemical equivalent of the substance.

electrochemical equivalent, e of a substance is the mass (or weight) of the substance liberated or deposited in electrolysis by
the passage of 1 coulomb of charge (This means when 1A of current passed for one second). Its SI unit is expressed in Kg/C.
 Faraday’s second law
The masses of different substances deposited at or dissolved (or liberated) from electrodes,
when the same quantity of electricity is passed through different electrolytes, connected in
series are proportional to their chemical equivalents.
The chemical equivalent, E of an element is numerically equal to its relative atomic mass in
grams divided by its ion valency.
 According to Faraday, if 96,500 Coulombs (or 1 Faraday) is passed through these electrolytes,
we get

the Faraday constant which is the amount of electricity required to deposit one equivalent of any ion from a solution and has
the value 96 500 coulombs

𝟏 𝐅𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐚𝐲 = 𝐞 𝐍𝐀 = 𝟗𝟔 𝟓𝟎𝟎 �
 Mass deposited =

Atomic mass x current intensity x time

Valency x 96500
Example

Consider an electrolytic solution copper sulphate. When

the solution is electrolyzed, copper is deposited at the
cathode.
𝐂𝐮𝟐+(𝐚𝐪) + 𝟐 𝐞 − → 𝐂𝐮 (𝐬)
If a constant current passed for 5 hours and 404 mg of
Cu was deposited.
Calculate the current passed through CuSO4 electrolyte
Solution
The mass of Cu deposited in cathode, m (Cu) = 0.404 g.
Atomic mass of Cu = 63.5 a.m.u Gain of 2é means 2F electric charge According to cathode
reaction:
63.5 g of Cu is deposited by 2F electric charge,
thus 0.404 g of Cu is deposited by
A constant current of 0.912 A is passed through an electrolytic
cell containing molten MgCl2 for 18 h. What mass of Mg is
produced?

A constant current is passed through an electrolytic cell

containing molten MgCl2 for 12 h. If 4.83 L of Cl2 (at STP) is
produced at the anode, what is the current in amperes?
B

A
 C

C
During the electrolysis of molten sodium iodide, sodium ions
move :

A- to the anode, which is positively charged

B- to the anode, which is negatively charged
C- to the cathode, which is positively charged D- to the
cathode, which is negatively charged
The process which is used to make aluminium metal, electrolyzes a molten
mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolite (Na3AlF6) to reduce aluminium cations
to aluminium metal. Why cryolite is used in this mixture?

A -The cryolite lowers the cell potential for the reduction of aluminum cations.
B-The cryolite raises the cell potential for the reduction of aluminum cations.
C- The cryolite increases the conductivity of the mixture.
D-The cryolite lowers the melting point of the mixture and thereby lowers the
cost of manufacture by lowering the amount of heat energy needed to melt the
mixture.
In an electrolytic cell, the electrode that acts as a source of electrons to
the solution is called the…………. the chemical change that occurs at this
electrode is called ……………….

A- anode, oxidation
B- anode, reduction
C- cathode, reduction
D- cathode, oxidation
Extraction of aluminum
 Electroplating
the electrolytic process of plating or coating an object with a metal
Example
 Electrorefining of Metals anode
Cathode