Passive design strategies

used in building in
composite climate
Presented by – Ritika Sharma

Roll No - 1900510810037

Section - A

Guided By – AR . SAKSHI JAIN

Faculty of Architecture & Planning

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

Introduction-
Passive design Strategies play a important role in creating energy- efficient buildings
that provide comfort and minimize reliance on mechanical systems. In composite
climate, which experience a combination of hot and humid summers along with cold
winters, so passive design is used to maximize natural ventilation, reduce heat gain
during hot seasons , and retain warmth during colder periods .
Aim-
To create comfortable , energy efficient , and sustainable environments that meets the needs of
the building users by using passive design strategies in building in composite climate.

Objective-
1.To study Passive strategies like Solar Chimney , night purge ventilation, thermal mass, earth
air tunnel, wind tower and others methods used in designing for buildings in composite
climate .
2. To recommend Passive Strategies through Case studies .
3. Comparative Analysis of Case Studies .
S cope

• To deal with the different types of Passive Design Strategies that helps
in
optimising energy efficiency in building .
Limitation-
•The extent of the study is limited to buildings, in composite climate.
 Literature review

Case study

Collect data

Methodology Comparative
Analysis

Evaluate Performance

Conclusion
 • Orientation -
According to N Z E B recommendations, a rectangular form with a
Basic terms longer axis along the north-south is the preferred orientation for
composite climates. This helps the building structure reduce heat
gain in summer and heat loss in winter.
• Orientation

• Building Form

• Shading Devices

• Natural Ventilation . Building Form - For composite climates, the building must
be compact and low-rise. An important criterion that should be kept
• Courtyard in mind here is the S / V ratio, which is the ratio of area to volume of a
• Solar Chimney built mass.

• Night Purge Ventilation Another important criteria is the P/A ratio, which is the perimeter-
to-area ratio. A circular geometry has the lowest P/A ratio, making it
• Wind Tower
the most energy-efficient in composite climates
• Thermal Mass

• Earth Air Tunnel

Shading device

Horizontal shading device are most efficient Horizontal louvers parallel to a wall permit
air circulation and reduce heat permit air circulation and reduce heat.
when they have southern orientation .

Source- Ching, Building Construction

Illustrated, p. 1.18
Shading device

Slanted louvers provide more Louvers hung from a solid overhang Vertical louvers are more efficient
Protection then those parallel to protect against low sun angle. for eastern western exposures.
a wall.Angle varies according to the Separation from wall reduces
range of solar angles. conductive heat gain

Source- Ching, Building Construction

Illustrated, p. 1.18
Shading device

Egg crate combined the shading provide more Solar blind and screen provide up to Trees and adjacent structure may provide
characteristic of horizontal and vertical lowers 50% reduction in solar radiation shade on their proximity height and
and have a high shading . depending upon their reflectivity. Orientation.

Source- Ching, Building Construction

Illustrated, p. 1.18
Movable opaque : reduce solar gains but impede air . Louvres : provide shade to the building from the solar radiation
movement and block the view Fix ed : Overhangs of chajjas provide protection to the
wall and openings against sun

Source- “Climate Responsive

Architecture
Natural Ventilation

Living zone is the space commonly used by occupants .

Air movement should be directed through this space .

For composite climates, reasonably large openings on opposite walls are suitable,
preferably with solid shutters that may be opened when cross-ventilation is important.
 C ou rtyard
Prevailing wind passes over courtyard
Cooler air gets trapped in small courtyard
EVAPORATIVE COOLING
Central courtyards are also used extensively for composite climates,
especially in India. Due to the incidence of solar radiation in a courtyard,
the air gets warmer and rises. Cool air from the bottom level of the building
flows through the openings of rooms surrounding a courtyard.
Solar Chimney
During daylight hours, the sun's rays heat the air
underneath the transparent roof, causing it to become
warmer and less dense than the surrounding air. This
warm air rises and creates an updraft within the chimney,
drawing in cooler air from the base. As the hot air moves
up the chimney.
 Wind Tower
• In a wind tower, the hot air enters the tower through the openings in the
tower, gets cooled, and thus becomes heavier and sinks down.
• The inlet and outlet of rooms induce cool air movement. In the presence
of wind, air is cooled more effectively and flows faster down the tower and
into the living area.
• After a whole day of air exchanges, the tower becomes warm in the evenings.
During the night, cooler ambient air comes in contact with the bottom of the
tower through the rooms
Earth Air Tunnel
• Daily and annual temperature fluctuations decrease with the
increase in depth below the ground surface.
• At a depth of about 4 m below ground, the temperature
inside the earth remains nearly constant round the year and is
nearly equal to the annual average temperature of the place.
• A tunnel in the form of a pipe or otherwise embedded at a depth
of about 4 m below the ground will acquire the same temperature
as the surrounding earth at its surface.
• Therefore, the ambient air ventilated through this tunnel will
get cooled in summer and warmed in winter and this air can be
used for cooling in summer and heating in winter.
 Night purge ventilation
During day time temperature increases
During night time temperature reduce
• Night purge ventilation, also known as night cooling, is a passive ventilation
strategy used in buildings to reduce indoor temperatures during the night
time hours.
• It involves bringing cooler outdoor air into the building during the night to
remove heat accumulated during the day and improve thermal comfort
without relying on mechanical cooling systems.
Thermal Mass
WINTER
SUMMER
• Thermal mass refers to the ability of a material like concrete,
brick, stone, water, etc to absorb, store, and release heat energy.
• They should be placed at a certain position to receive adequate
sunlight. These locations may vary based on the direction of
the building to the s u n .
• By incorporating thermal mass into a building's design, it can
help regulate temperature fluctuations, improve thermal comfort,
and reduce the need for mechanical heating and cooling systems
Selection Criteria of Project for study
The selection criteria for choosing a Passive Design Strategies used in building in composite
climate case study can vary depending on the specific objectives and research focus. Here are
some common criteria to consider:

Data Availability
(Ensure that sufficient data and information are available for the
selected case studies.)

Passive Design Strategies and Technologies

Recognition and Certification

 PEDA office complex
Location: Chandigarh
Architects: Arvind Krishan and Kunal J a i n

• It is the center of Excellence for Solar Buildings,

minimizing conventional cooling load in the office
building, efficient movement of natural air, light wells,
wind tower coupled with solar chimney, Water bodies ,
designed landscape horticulture, and energy
conservation activities.
• Site Area: 1.49 acre (81686 m m x 74066 mm)
• Total Built-up area: 70000sq. m
 Orientation-
Cut Out
Punjab Eneígy Development Agency
has been developed in íesponse to solaí
Shell Roofing geometíy i.e. minimizing solaí heat gain
in hot- díy peíiod and maximizing solaí
heat gain in cold peíiod.
Wind ľoweí-
ľhe wind toweí centíally placed
coupled with solaí chimneys on the
domical stíuctuíes foí scientific diíect

Wind Tower & indiíect cooling.

Water Bodies-
The water bodies with waterfalls
Waterbody and fountains have been placed in
the central atrium of the complex
for cooling whole the complex in the
hot and dry period.

GROUND FLOOR PLAN


The panels are placed on the roof of
the atrium, in between two sheets of
toughened glass. This helps filter
natural
light.
SOUTH ELEVATION
South elevation showing domical roofs
and vertical roof glazing systems for
Natural light integration and ventilation
The atrium is covered b y a lightweight shell
roofing of 10 cm sandwiched between FRP
(fibre- reinforced plastic) sheets and
reinforced with steel; angled to allow s u n in
winters and block in summers.
 Light Wells:
WIND TOWER
PHOTO VOULTIC PANELS The vertical cutouts in the floating slabs are integrated
LIGHT WELLS with light wells and solar activated naturally ventilating,
S O LAR C HIMNE Y
domical structures in the south to admit light without
glare and heat.
Auditorium:
A unique auditorium scientifically designed to
control heat penetration, light & sound distribution
is placed in the north under the shade of main
building.
Solar Chimney :
A solar chimney is a renewable energy s y s tem
u s e d to enhance the natural ventilation in a building
ba s ed on solar and wind energy.
Cavity Walls:
The complex is a single envelope made up of its
outer walls as double skin walls having 50 mm
cavity in between. The cavity walls facing south and
SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE west are filled with further insulation material for
efficient thermal effect.
Source- “Climate Responsive
Architecture
 American Institute of Indian
Studies
Architect -Vinod Gupta Location-Gurgaon

• This building was designed to incorporate a meaningful

use of passive strategies such as orientation, courtyard,
verandah, windows and shading devices, earth contact, roof
garden, and sustainable building materials..

• The building facade is staggered at 45 degrees to the site

boundary which allows north-south orientation for the windows
thus reducing heat gain through windows.
 Water
fountain

COURTYARD EFFECT FOR COOLING

Courtyard functions as a lightwell,
Also Act as a climate modifier.

The passage are used as a PLAN The building is staggered 45 Staggered use of exterior walls allow the
thermal transition zone degrees on side to allow a perfect north south orientation for the window
between the indoor and north south orientation for all and provide better S u n control
outdoor windows
 Earth Contact :-
• The work spaces are arranged around two sunken courtyards
with water and plantations.
• Orientation of courtyard helps in wind flow direction.
• To reduce the cooling loads, these special areas and the libraries
are located in the basement.
• The work areas located at the ground floor are protected by
specially insulated external walls and cooled by terrace garden.

Shading:-
• The windows have adequate s u n shading to reduce to reduce
BASEMENT PLAN direct solar gain. O n the E-W faces, small slit like openings are
filled with glass bricks to let in light without heat and to improve
the distribution of light within the room.

Provision of glass
brick in E ast –
West wall to cut
Off harsh sunlight

SECTION THROUGH EAST GLASS BRICKS / GLASS BLOCKS

SECTION AND WEST WALLS
 Terrace Garden-
Locally Available Materials –
• Bricks , exposed concrete , sand stone
• Terrace garden are often found in
urban environment as plants
have the ability to reduce the
Sustainable Building Materials - overall heat absorption of the
building which then reduces
• The work areas located on the ground energy consumption. It provides Terrace Garden on top of the
and first floor are protected by specially resistance to thermal insulation second floor
insulated exterior walls (expanded
polyethylene) in the east and west
direction to reduce heat gain in
summers. This insulation material,
expanded polyethylene, is a layer Windows have
between two half thick brick walls (115 Adequate shading to
mm), The insulating wall reduces the Reduce solar heat
gain
air conditioner load too and saves
energy.
Building Orientation- 45 degree to
• The use of ceramic tiles (broken pieces) Section of Building showing Materials
invite natural light.
is on the dome to reflect the direct
sunlight to reduce heat gain in
summers, and the use of fiber Solar water heater
material is on the top of the dome is
insulation material that prevents heat
gain .
Ceramic Tile and Fiber material on
the roof of the dome
PARAMETER CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 2 INFERENCES RECOMMENDAT
I ON

PEDA AMERICAN INSTITUTE

OFFICE OF INDIAN STUDIES
COMPLEX

ORIENTATION It has been oriented in response

to solar geometry i.e. minimizing
solar heat gain in hot- dry period
and maximizing solar heat gain in
cold period.
Orientation of the building with
the longer edge along the north-
south direction preferrable, if not
possible then can give according
to the usage of habitable spaces
and their using schedule.

PROFILE Staggered wall and over hang roof

reduce the effect of natural light
and provide shade.
Building should have small S/V
ratio . And small side facing huge
glare , if site shape allows then
cylindrical form is preferable ,
otherwise it can be cater by giving
water body and vegetation inside.

SHADING DEVICES • Indirect light enter in building

through window.
Window shading can be done by
using jaali , louvers, horizontal and
• Through vault , louvre , vertical shading elements.
overhang diffused light enter in
building.
PARAMETER CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 2 INFERENCES RECOMMENDAT
I ON

PEDA AMERICAN INSTITUTE

OFFICE OF INDIAN STUDIES
COMPLEX

WATER BODY Water body near or inside building

change the surrounding
microclimate by cooling the
surrounding air.
Water body inside courtyard and
adjacent to building is preferable
for thermal comfort . If inside not
possible then outside small ponds
or fountain can be installed.

COURTYARD THERE IS NO Courtyards microclimate is

changed by planting trees, adding
Courtyards should self shade and
curvilinear for maximum self shade
water bodies like pool and fountain inside building. Trees and water
. body cools hot air inside.
COURTYARD

WIND TOWER THERE IS NO Air is cooled by passing it through

the underground channel and hot
Wind tower is the best method to
cool the indoor environment .
WIND air from indoor is remove
TOWER automatically when cool air enters.
S.NO. PAPER AUTHOR PUBLISHED INFERENCE
DATE /
YEAR
1. A study of passive and Gaurav Gangwar, December 6 , 2020 • Building with optimized orientation
have better thermal performance ,
active strategies through Prabhjot Kaur, Inderpal reducing the need for active cooling or
heating systems.
case studies for the Singh • Effective shading devices, such as
composite climate overhangs and louvers, reduce solar
heat gain.
• Natural ventilation facilitate air
movement , improving air quality

2. Climate responsive design Chetan Sachdeva, January 8, 2019 • Thermal mass utilization can help to
regulate indoor temperature.
for composite climate in Suresh Sharma • Landscaping contribute to
microclimate improvement and overall
Amritsar comfort.
• Proper insulation and fenestration
design aid in minimizing heat
transfer.

3. Development of Naveen Kishore July 3 , 2018 • The development of

Bioclimatic passive design Khambadkone and bioclimatic passive design
strategies aligns with sustainable
strategies for composite Rekha Jain building practices and promotes
environmental benefits.
climate using a newly
developed climate
• By harnessing the natural
climate resources and adopting
analysis tool •
appropriate design
interventions, buildings can potentially
reduce the need for active heating,
cooling, and artificial lighting systems,
leading to significant energy savings.
S.NO. PAPER AUTHOR PUBLISHED INFERENCE
DATE /
YEAR

4. Courtyard as a passive Markus Bulus, Malsiah 9 January , 2017 • Courtyards are categorised into most
regular form is fully – enclosed
cooling strategies in Binti Hamid , Lim Yaik rectangular courtyard.
• About 72% and 60% of the surveyed
building Wah courtyard has overhangs, horizontal
shading elements .
• On orientation of 34 or more
courtyard building are in east- west
directed.

5. Climate Christoffer Maljanovki , 3 May , 2018 • Passive design strategies to optimize

natural ventilation.
responsive Ahmed Sharawe • Thermal insulation and moisture
control strategies to prevent heat
building design in gain and humidity related issues.
• Building orientation , shading
warm and humid devices, and natural ventilation
climate technique as key consideration.
• Selection of building material to
enhance thermal comfort.

•
6. Concepts of passive
design in
Trapti Dhakate , Mohd.
Simroz Khan
10 October, 2018 Always choose light coloured
reflective blinds than dark one which
absorb solar radiation.
composite climate • Create proper ventilation ,
courtyards and wind towers ,
shading devices, in a design to
reduce energy loads for cooling.
• Landscape , water ponds ,
fountains
, green roofs are effective to energy
Thank you