An

End semester examination

presentation
on
MODELLING AND CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR DC-DC CONVERTER

Submitted by- Under The Supervision of

PRITY KUMARI Dr. Deepak Kumar
Reg. No.-2022PE17 Associate Professor, EED
MNNIT Allahabad

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

MOTILAL NEHRU NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ALLAHABAD
PRAYAGRAJ
Contents:-

 Introduction

 Motivation of Work

 DC-DC Buck converter

 Mathematical modelling of Buck converter

 FO-IMC Controller

 Proposed work

 Conclusion

 References
INTRODUCTION

 The dc-dc converters are widely used in regulated switch-mode dc power supplies and in dc motor
drive applications.
 The input to these converters is an unregulated dc voltage, which is obtained by rectifying the line
voltage, and will fluctuate due to changes in the line-voltage magnitude.
 Switch-mode dc-to-dc converters are used to convert the unregulated dc input into a controlled dc
output at a desired voltage level.

Types of dc-dc converters.

1. Step-down (buck) converter

2. Step-up (boost) converter

3. Step-down/step-up (buck-boost) converter

4. Cuk converter

5. Full-bridge converter
[1] H. M. and Rahim, Recent progress and development on power dc-dc converter topology,
control, design and applications: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 205–
230, N. (2018).
Motivation of work

 Fractional-order IMC controllers allow for a more flexible tuning of the controllers
response at different frequencies.

 It allows for better handling of disturbance and uncertainties in the system.

 DC-DC converter is needed to convert and stabilize the voltage.

 Fractional-order IMC controller can be optimized to minimize control energy

consumption.

 Fractional-order IMC controller can provide improved transient response compared

to their integer-order .
STEP-DOWN (BUCK CONVERTER)
L
 Buck dc-dc converter, also called a step-down dc-dc converter, S
is a dc-dc power converter that lowers the output voltage
while increasing the output current.
vs R
 Switched mode dc-dc power converters are very attractive, Diode C
since its wide range of applicability in energy conversion.

 Various dc-dc converters have been utilized to step up/down

the regulated dc voltage from the unregulated dc voltage . Fig.no-1 DC-DC Buck Converter

 The pulse width modulation signal that controls the duty cycle
of the transistor, or the ratio of on-time to off-time.

Modes of operation:
(1) Continuous conduction mode.
(2) Discontinuous conduction mode.
(3) Boundary of ccm and dcm.
[2] E. R. and Maksimovic, Fundamentals of power electronics. Springer Science & Business Media, D.
(2007).
STEP-UP (BOOST) CONVERTER

 Boost converters is also called a DC to DC Converter.

L
 The boost converter is used to ‘’step-up’’ an input voltage to Is
D
some higher level, required by a load. l
+
Vs S C o
a
d Vo
-
 This unique capability is achieved by storing energy in an
inductor and releasing it to the load at a higher voltage.

 It is a simple converter which is used to convert the DC Fig.no-2 DC-DC Boost Converter
voltage from lower level to higher level.

Modes of operation:
(1) Continuous conduction mode.
(2) Discontinuous conduction mode.
(3) Boundary of ccm and dcm.
If the input voltage is
Vin and the output voltage is Vout
[3] L. F. and Ye, H. Energy factor and mathematical modelling for power dc/dc converters.
IEE Proceedings-Electric Power Applications, 152(2), 191– 198, H. (2005).

Mathematical modelling of Buck converter

During Switch ON
When switch is ON (S1), the equations with inductor
currentcapacitor voltage and output voltage are obtained as.

L
S

vs R
Diode C

Fig.no-3 Buck converter circuit diagram

 Table 1. Parameters of Buck Converter

Parameters Value
Input voltage 12V-15V
Source resistance 0.03 Ω
Inductor ) /0.24 Ω
Capacitor ) 100Ω
Diode forward drop (Vfd) 0.5
Diode resistance ( 0.03 Ω
Switch resistance ( Ω
Switching frequency (f)
Load resistance
= (1)

= (2)

(3)
By using state space averaging (SSA) technique, (1), (2) and (3) can be written Obtained as

(4)

During Switch OFF

When switch is OFF (So), the equations governing with inductor current , capacitor voltage
and output voltage are obtained as.

(5)
 (6)

(7)

By using state space averaging (SSA) technique, (5), (6) and (7) can be written as

(8)
 =
Transfer function of buck converter
FO-IMC design for converters exhibiting minimum phase (MP) behaviour

Consider buck converter transfer function, which is the second –order system with one left half
plane (LHP) zero.
Step 1: Factorizing the plant model, we get only MP part and no NMP part buck transfer
function have only one LHP zero.

And

Step 2: The FO-IMC controller obtained by substituting we get,

FO-IMC Controller design

To obtain a simplified controller structure, it is worthwhile to utilize the

concept of reduced order modelling to obtain a simplified lower form of the
original higher order plant. Model order reduction is a tool for simplification
of higher order plant the original plant in the reduced lower plant.
The reduced order model plant in this step can be expressed as.

 pis i

G mod( s )  i 0
I
s 2   qjs j
j 0
 d

r + e u y
--
Qr(s) Gplant(s) + +

Gmod(s) -+

Fig.4 Internal model control

e u y
r ++ Cfb(s) Gplant(s)

Fig.5 Classical feedback

 (9)

Where . Since boost converter represent a non-minimum phase system. For the present
analysis. The FO-IMC approach is applicable .

The IMC scheme is illustrated in controller and the mathematical model of the plant
that is placed in parallel to the plant

(10)
To begin with FO-IMC technique, the process model into two distinct parts, that is
minimum phase part and non-minimum phase part.

(11)

Where denotes the transfer function of filter.

(12)

(13)
Transfer function of buck converter the plant model

(14)

Using equation (13)and (14), the FO-IMC controller.

(15)

The transfer function of boost converter,

(16)

The controller in classical feedback form

  1816 2.086 107  1  (17)

1   1  1 
Cfb1        s  5   
  2522.8 2522.8  s  2522.8   s  10  vs 
Using equation (16) with the value of parameters as and, the FO-IMC controller buck converter

(17)
 7.6742 10 6
 1  1 
Cfb1( s )    668.0918   0.3679s   5   0.0222  
 s   s  10   s 
FO-IMC controller can be formulated for the boost converter as well. the minimum phase and non-
minimum phase parts of the boost converter are given

(18)

(19)

Using equation (12) the FO-IMC controller in classical feedback form is

(20)
The values of parameter as and , the transfer function of FO-IMC controller for the boost converter

(21)

The IMC-PID controller for the boost converter using the value of the time constant of filter and the
technique .

(22)

The tracking response for a buck converter is a reference signal, that is, a combination of step input and
ramp input
Simulation result

9
IMC-PID
8 reference input
FO-IMC
7

6
output voltage

-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
time(sec)
fig 4. Transient response of buck converter to reference input
 9
fo imc
8 reference
imc pid
7

6
output voltage

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
time(sec)

fig 5. Transient response of boost converter to reference input

PORPOSED WORK

 The DC-DC Buck converter derive the small signal transfer function of the converter which
relates the output voltage to the input voltage and control signal (duty cycle)

 Tune the fractional-order IMC controller proportional gain and integer gain for desired
closed-loop performance.

 Efficiency improvement in steady–state operation .

 Usually achieved by high frequency switching action employing inductive and capacitive
filter elements.
CONCLUSION

 It can provide better robustness and disturbance rejection capabilities.

 Reduces computational complexity.
 The design an effective control strategy for improving the performance of the dc-dc buck
converter.
 Tuning fractional-order IMC controllers can be more complex than tuning traditional
controllers due to the additional parameters.
 Fractional-order IMC controllers reduce overshoot and settling time, which are critical factors
DC-DC converters.
REFERENCES
[1] H. M. and Rahim, Recent progress and development on power dc-dc converter topology, control, design and applications: A

review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 205–230, N. (2018).

[2] E. R. and Maksimovic, Fundamentals of power electronics. Springer Science & Business Media, D. (2007).
[3] L. F. and Ye, H. Energy factor and mathematical modelling for power dc/dc converters. IEE Proceedings-Electric Power
Applications, 152(2), 191– 198, H. (2005).
[4] S. and Hote, Y. Saxena . ‘Internal model control based pid tuning using first-order filter’’. International Journal of Control,
Automation and Systems, 15(1), 149–159, (2017).
[5] K. Tarakanath, S. Patwardhan, and V. Agarwal, “Internal model control of dc–dc boost converter exhibiting non-minimum phase
behavior,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electron., Drives Energy Syst., Dec. 2014.
[6] D. M. Sable, B. H. Cho, and R. B. Ridley, “Use of leading-edge modulation to transform boost and flyback converters into
minimum-phase-zero systems,” IEEE T.
[7] D. Campos- Gaona, E. L. Moreno- Goytia, and O. Anaya-Lara, “Fault ride-through improvement of DFIG-WT by integrating a
two-degrees-of-freedom internal model control,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 1133–1145, Mar. 2013.
[8] X. Sun, Z. Shi, L. Chen, and Z. Yang, “Internal model control for a bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor based on
inverse system method,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 1539–1548, Dec. 2016.
[10] I. G. and Manias, H loop-shaping control schemes for the buck converter and their evaluation using µ-analysis. IEE
Proceedings-Electric Power Applications, 146(2), 237–246 S. (1999).
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design. International Journal of Control, 44(6), 1675–1698, M. (1986).
[12] L. F. and Ye, Energy factor and mathematical modelling for power dc/dc converters. IEE Proceedings-Electric Power
Applications, 152(2), 191– 198, H. (2005).
[13] L. Cid-Pastor, A., Giral, R., Calvente, J., and Utkin, Why is sliding mode control methodology needed for power converters.
Martinez-Salamero,V. (2010).
[14] R. and Cuk, A general unified approach to modelling switching-converter power stages. In IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conference, 18– 34, Middlebrook , S. (1976).
[15] D. Morari, M., and Skogestad, Internal model control: Pid controller design. Industrial & engineering chemistry process design
and development, 25(1), 252–265 Rivera S. (1986).
THANK YOU