Intro: Prokaryotes vs.

Eukaryotes
 Pre-Evaluation (Debate)

"Evolutionary Epic:
Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
Showdown"
10 points Argumentation: Clear presentation of points and
supporting evidence.
10 points Rebuttal: Effective response to opponents'
arguments.
10 points Organization: Logical structure and coherence of
ideas.
10 points Delivery: Confidence, clarity, and engagement
during presentation.
10 points Collaboration: Contribution to teamwork and
respectful interaction with opponents.
TOTAL: 50 points
Prep-Time
Timer
Tie Breaker Timer
 Phylogenetic Tree and
Horizontal Gene Transfer
(HGT)
Can genes be
transferred
between
unrelated
species?
Tree of Life by Charles Darwin
The single trunk
represents a common
ancestor
Branches represent the
divergence of species from
the ancestor.
A phylogenetic tree is a
diagram that depicts
the lines of
evolutionary descent of
different species,
organisms, or genes
from a common
ancestor.
 Types of Phylogenetic Tree

A. Rooted B. Unrooted

C. Cladogram D. Phylogram
A phylogenetic tree is considered as
Vertical Gene Transfer as it
transfers genetic information,
including any genetic mutations,
from a parent to their offspring
sexually or asexually.
Is Horizontal Gene Transfer
(HGT) possible in both
organisms that perform
sexual and asexual
reproduction?
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) is
the introduction of genetic material
from one species to another species.
It allows distantly related species to
share genes, influencing their
phenotypes.
 HGT in Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
1. Transformation: naked plasmid DNA is taken up
by a bacterium
2. Transduction: genes are transferred using a
virus(bacteriophage)
3. Conjugation: uses sex pilus (hollow tube) to
transfer genes between organisms.
Summary of Mechanisms of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic HGT
 HGT in Eukaryotes (Aphids)
Carotenoid biosynthetic genes
in aphids were shown to be
horizontally transferred from a
fungus as food.
Red aphids are conspicuous to
predators but resistant to
insecticides and can make
their own carotenoids.
 HGT in Eukaryotes(rice and millet plant)

Transposons or “jumping genes” have been shown to

transfer between rice and millet plant species. Genetic
elements can “jump” to different locations within a
genome
 Other Phylogenetic Models

Web of Life proposed by W. Ford

Doolittle suggests that ancestral cells, has Ring of Life suggests that the
multiple trunks, and has connections three domains of life evolved
between branches where horizontal gene from a pool of primitive
transfer has occurred. prokaryotes.