Digital Image Processing

(COSC 603)

Tessfu G. (PhD)
School of Computing
Department of Computer Science
Dire Dawa Institute of Technology
Introduction to Digital Image
Processing
Objectives

• To define the digital image processing topic.

• To give an idea of digital image processing application

areas.

• To give an overview of a typical image processing

system.

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Digital Image
• A digital image is a visual representation of something.

• An image, digital image, or still image is a binary representation of

visual information, such as drawings, pictures, graphs, logos, or
individual video frames.

• Digital images can be saved electronically on any storage device.

• Digitally stored visual information that has a similar appearance to

some subject usually a physical object or a person.

• Produced either by capturing or rendering.

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Digital Image

Moon image captured Moon image rendered

by a Camera. using Ms Paint software

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2-D Image
• two-dimensional (2-d)

2-d image

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3-D Image
• 3-d images can be viewed as a sequence of slices (2-d images)

Image of the human skull.

This image was acquired with an

MRI and a 3-d rendering of the
data.

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3-D MRI Brain Image

© Dolphin imaging

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 Digital Image Processing (DIP)

• Is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on

digital images
• Subfield of digital signal processing.

Image 1 DIP Image 2

Why do we process images?

• Acquire an image
- Correct aperture and color balance
- Reconstruct image from projections
• Prepare for display or printing
- Adjust image size 9
Why do we process images?

• Facilitate picture storage and transmission

- Efficiently store an image in a digital camera
- Send an image from Mars to Earth.
• Enhance and restore images
- Improve visibility of tumor in a radiograph
- Remove scratches from an old movie
• Extract information from images
- Read car plate number
- Measure tumor volume from medical images.

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Image Processing and Application Examples
• Color enhancement

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Image Processing and Application Examples
• Gray-level image enhancement

Degraded image Noise-reduced image

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Image Processing and Application Examples
• Mugshot retrieval

© MIT media lab

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Image Processing and Application Examples
• Face Detection

© MIT media lab

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Image Processing and Application Examples
• Face morphing

© MIT media lab

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Image Processing and Application Examples
• Special effects

Simulated oil painting

Photo Simulated color pencils

© MIT media lab

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Image Processing and Application Examples
• Pseudo color enhancement for security screening

Source: Gonzalez+Woods, Fig. 6.24

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Image Processing and Application Examples
• Fingerprint recognition

FBI’s
Integrated
Automated Fingerprint
Identification System IAFIS

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Image Processing and Application Examples
• Biometrics: Iris recognition

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Image Processing and Application Examples

• Optical character recognition (OCR) -translation of scanned images

of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded
text.

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Image Processing and Application Examples

• Handwritten recognition

Online recognition – using iPhone

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Image Processing and Application Examples

• Speech recognition

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Image Processing and Application Examples

• COVID-19 detection

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Image Processing and Application Examples

• Extraction of settlement area from an aerial image

Source: INRIA, Sophia-

Antipolis, France

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Image Processing and Application Examples

• Medical image segmentation – subdivision of image sites

Different contrasts from MRI scan of

human brain.

Automatically identified
sites of brain parts and scars

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Image Processing and Application Examples

• For oil/gas exploration - DIP is used to highlight, enhance and

extract geological features imaged within 3d seismic data.

3-d seismic data

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Image Processing and Application Examples

• There are many more ….

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Fundamental Steps in Image Processing Systems

© V. Krueger, Aalborg U.

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Fundamental Steps in Image Processing Systems

1, 2

© V. Krueger, Aalborg U.

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Image Processing steps example

1. Problem : diagnosis for a multiple sclerosis (MS)

patient
2. Image acquisition: MRI Scan

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Image Processing steps example

© V. Krueger, Aalborg U.

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Image Processing steps example

3. Preprocessing

Acquired Preprocessed

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Image Processing steps example
4

© V. Krueger, Aalborg U.

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Image Processing steps example

4. Segmentation

Acquired Segmented MS lesion sites

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Image Processing steps example

© V. Krueger, Aalborg U.

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Image Processing steps example

5. Representation and description

• Label - each disconnected object

6. Recognition and interpretations

• Which objects are lesion scars
• Calculate volumes -for each scar
object
- Compare with earlier scans
• Lesion volume has decreased?
increased?
- Effect of treatment

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