DIGITAL SIGNAL

PROCESSING
Bushra Bashir Chaoudhry
Definition of DSP
 Signal
 A flow of information from one point to another
 Signals can be represented mathematically as function of independent variables such
as time, distance or position
 Signals are analog in nature(continuous) such as human voice, electrical
signal(voltage or current), radio wave, optical, audio, and so on which contains a
stream of information or data
 Or may be discrete such as temperature, stock, etc.

 Processing
 Operation on signal in a certain fashion to extract the useful information in a desired
way
Characterization of signals
Depending on the number of variables
■ Speech: 1-Dimensional signal as a function of time s(t).
■ Grey-scale image: 2-D signal as a function of space i(x,y).
■ Video: 3-D signal as a function of space and time {r(x,y,t),b(x,y,t),g(x,y,t)}
Types of signals

■ Based on independent variables signals may either be continuous or discrete

– Continuous time signal: defined at every instant of time
– Discrete time signal: takes certain numerical values at specified discrete instants
of time basically a at specified discrete instants of time, its a sequence of numbers

■ The signal amplitude may be either continuous or discrete

– Analog signals: Both times and amplitude are continuous
– Digital signals: both are discrete

■ Computers and other digital devices are restricted to discrete time

Types of Signals
Signal Processing
■ We encounter many types of signals in various applications
– Electrical signals: voltage, current, magnetic and electric fields,…
– Mechanical signals: velocity, force, displacement,…
– Acoustic signals: sound, vibration,…
– Other signals: pressure, temperature,…
■ Most real-world signals are analog
– They are continuous in time and amplitude
– Convert to voltage or currents using sensors and transducers
■ Analog circuits process these signals using
– Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Amplifiers,…
■ Analog signal processing examples
– Audio processing in FM radios
Video processing in traditional TV sets

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Digital Signal Processing

■ Represent signals by a sequence of numbers

– Sampling or analog-to-digital conversions
■ Perform processing on these numbers with a digital processor
– Digital signal processing
■ Reconstruct analog signal from processed numbers
– Reconstruction or digital-to-analog conversion
digital digital
signal signal
analog analog
signal A/D DSP D/A signal

• Analog input – analog output

– Digital recording of music
• Analog input – digital output
– Touch tone phone dialing
• Digital input – analog output
– Text to speech
• Digital input – digital output
– Compression of a file on computer
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Applications of DSP
■ Compression: Any sort of data that can be stored in as few bits as possible with
varying degrees of recoverability. Lossy or lossless.
■ Communication and Audio: Noise suppression/removal or speech enhancement(for
audio) in these signals is always there. Plus for music applications, pushing the
envelope for audiophiles is an ever present market. Better sound processors for
instruments is also there.
■ Image and Video: This is by far the hottest market for DSP. Since you're smartphones
got cameras, every company is just about megapixels, low-light clarity, HDR and all
sorts of image enhancement algorithms. With the introduction of 4K video, compression
is an even higher priority than before. Plus Medical imaging is the epitome of this
specific sub field of DSP.
■ Bio-Sensors: Now you have pedometers on your smartphones, as wrist bands and as
wearables. Measuring your heart rate with your smartphone camera. All these biometric
applications are key to making healthcare more mobile for consumers.
DSP system components
■ A DSP contains these key components:
1. Program Memory: Stores the programs the DSP will use to process data
2. Data Memory: Stores the information to be processed
3. Compute Engine: Performs the math processing, accessing the program from the
Program Memory and the data from the Data Memory
■ Input/Output: Serves a range of functions to connect to the outside world

Compute Engine Input/output

Serial Ports
Timers I/O connects
Host Ports to world
External outside
Program Data Ports
Memory Memory
Sinusoidal signal representation
■ A continuous time signal can be represented as

– Where t is the continuous time variable and A is the amplitude of the

signal, also a continuous value. is the frequency in radians/s and is
the phase in radians.

■ a discrete-time signal can be obtained by uniformly sampling a

continuous-time signal at = i.e
– The value of is equivalent to .
– The time interval between two sample is
– The sampling rate is =
Example

■ Here is 440 and can be used to find the sampling time interval
– =
– 1/ = 1/440 = .00227 or 2.27 ms
 x(t) = cos(…)

x(t) = sin(…)

Fig
Sampling

■ A system which performs the sampling operation is called a continuous-to-discrete (C-

to-D) converter or A/D converter.

Ideal A/D
converter
Sampled signal