EARTH SCIENCE

• Module 1 is about Volcanoes,

• Module 2 is about Climate
• Module 3 is about
Constellations
• In module 1, the you should be
able to:

1. differentiate active and inactive volcanoes;

2. describe the different types of volcanoes;
3. explain what happens when volcanoes
erupt; and
4. illustrate how energy from volcanoes
may be tapped for human use.
VOLCANO
 VOLCANO
• Is a natural
opening in the
surface of the
Earth where
molten rocks, hot
gases, smoke and
ash are ejected.
 Most active volcanoes
1. Mount Mayon – Albay 2. Taal Volcano – Batangas
50 times (33 times)
 Most active volcanoes
3.) Mount Kanlaon – Negros Oriental. 4) Mount Bulusan – Sorsogon-
• 25 times from 1886 up to present.,15 times from 1886 up to 2007

5. Mount Makaturing – Lanao del Sur-

• erupted 10 times since 1882.
 VOLCANO
vent • A volcano is a vent
or 'chimney' that
connects molten rock
(magma) from within
cone
the Earth’s crust to
the Earth's surface.

conduit • The volcano includes

the surrounding cone
of erupted material.

magma chamber
A fissure vent opened on Hawaii's
Kilauea volcano.
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES

• Active- volcanoes are those

that have a record of eruption
within the last 600 years or
those that erupted 10, 000
years ago based on analyses of
their materials
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
• Inactive volcanoes, on the other
hand, are those that have not
erupted for the last 10, 000 years
and their physical form is being
changed by agents of weathering
and erosion through formation of
deep and long gullies
 Based on Life Cycle

• Active- if a volcano at present time it is

expected to erupt or is erupting already.
• Dormant- a volcano that is not erupting or
predicted to erupt in the near future.
However, it has done so in recordable
history.
• Extinct- a volcano that no one expects will
ever have another eruption.
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
• Classifying volcanoes most often refers to their life
cycle
• Volcanoes can also be classified by type, that is, the
structure and composition of the volcano
• Volcanoes can also be classified as to the kind of
eruption they produce
 ACTIVITY NO. 2

VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES

 ACTIVITY NO. 3

UNDER PRESSURE
• There are two types of opening in the
summit of a volcano. A crater and a caldera.
• A crater is a funnel shaped opening at the
top of the volcano while a caldera is formed
when a part of the wall collapse following
an explosive eruption.

• Eruptions can provide us with clues on

what materials are found inside the Earth.
What determines the nature of eruption of
a volcano?

• Magma’s temperature
The higher the temperature of magma is,
the lower the viscosity.
• Chemical composition
magma with high silica content are more
viscous than those with low silica content
• Amount of dissolved gases
Gas dissolved in magma tends to increase
its stability to flow
 Activity # 4

VISCOSITY RACE
 Magma Viscosity

• Viscosity increases with increasing silica

content due to silica chains
 Some factors influencing viscosity or rate of
shear strain are listed below:
• temperature
• flow velocity and duration
• gas content
• flow dimensions
• lava vesicularity- small cavity in a rock
(pockets)
• ground slope
• crystallinity
Types of Eruption
1. PHREATIC OR
HYDROTHERMAL
is a stream-driven
eruption as the hot
rocks come in contact
with water. It is short-
lived, characterized by
ash columns but may
be an onset for of a
larger eruption.
2. PHREATOMAGMATIC
is a violent eruption
due to the contact
between water and
magma. As a result, a
large column of very
fine ash and high-speed
and sideway emission
of pyroclastics called
base surges are
observed.
3. STROMBOLIAN -a periodic weak to
violent eruption characterized by fountain
lava, just like the Irazu Volcano in Costa
Rica.
4. VULCANIAN –
characterized by tall
eruption columns
that reach up to 20
km high with
pyroclastic flow and
ashfall tephra like
that of Paricutin
Volcano in Mexico.
5. PLINIAN – excessively explosive
type of eruption of gas and
pyroclastics, just like our Pinatubo
Volcano in Zambales.
What is caldera?
 Activity # 5

IN AND OUT
What can you say about the shapes of
these volcanoes?
 3 Common Types
• Composite or strato volcano
• Shield Volcano
• Cinder Volcanoes
 Composite Volcano
• are large, nearly
perfect sloped
structure formed from
alternate solidification
of both lava and
pyroclastic deposits.
• . One perfect example
of this type of cone is
our Mayon Volcano
 • are formed from the accumulation of lava
that oozes out from the volcano.
Shield • Since non-viscous lava can flow freely, a
Volcanoes broad, slightly domed structure that
resembles a warrior’s shield is formed.
• An example of this type is the Mauna Loa
Volcano in Hawaii.
Olympus Mons on planet Mars
Cinder-cone Volcano
• are built from
ejected lava
fragments.
• They have steep
slope, wide crater
and are the most
abundant of the
three major volcano
types.
• One example of this
type is the Paricutin
Volcano in Mexico.
Identify what type of volcano
 Terms to remember:
• Andesite- a type of volcanic rock . This
gray to black rock is composed of 54 to
62% of silica , iron and magnesium
• Volcanic ash- a harsh abrasive type of ash
( unlike as from wood fire)
that is made up of mineral
and volcanic glass fragments
• Pyroclastic flow- a fluidized mixture of
solid to semi-solid fragments and hot ,
expending gases that flows down the
sides of volcano .
 Terms to remember:
• LAHAR- a type of mudflow or debris flow
composed of pyroclastic material, rocky debris
and water. The material flows down from a
volcano , typically along a river
• Pumice- a light porous volcanic rock that forms
during explosive eruptions. It resembles a
sponge because it consist
of a network of gas bubbles
frozen amidst fragile volcanic
glass and minerals
 What is geothermal energy?

• Geothermal energy is the heat from the

Earth. It's clean and sustainable.
Resources of geothermal energy range
from the shallow ground to hot water and
hot rock found a few miles beneath the
Earth's surface, and down even deeper to
the extremely high temperatures of
molten rock called magma
 How is the geothermal energy used?

• geothermal power plants

• geothermal heat pumps.

• In geothermal power plants, the heat from

deep inside the Earth is used to produce steam
to generate electricity compared with
geothermal heat pumps that use the heat
coming from close to the Earth’s surface to
heat water or provide heat for buildings.
 Capacit
Station Commissioned Community
y (MW)

Bacon-Manito Geothermal Power Plant 150 Bacon, Sorsogon

Ormoc City,
Leyte Geothermal Production Field 700.9
Leyte (province)
Maibara Geothermal Power Plant 20 2014 Santo Tomas,_Batangas
Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Power 1979, 1980, 1984,
480 Brgy. Bitin, Bay, Laguna
Plant 1996
Malaya Geothermal Power Plant 650 1970, 2012 Pililla,_Rizal
Malitbog,
Malitbog Geothermal Power Station 232.5 1996
Southern Leyte
Kidapawan City, North
Mindanao Geothermal Production Field 106
Cotabato
Northern Negros Geothermal Production
49.4 NW of Kanlaon Volcano
Field
1983, 1993 - 1994,
Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant 192.5 Valencia, Negros Orienta
1995 l
Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant 275 1979 Tiwi, Albay
 PROS and CONS

PROS
• Almost entirely emission free
• Zero carbon
• No fuel required
• Not subjected to fluctuations ( solar and wind)
• not susceptible to price fluctuation
• Simple and reliable
 CONS
• High costs for building
• Prime sites are very specific
• Losses due to long distance transmission
• Drilling is very difficult
• High water usage
• Minimum of 350 F ( 176.667 C) is required
• High maintenance
 Geothermal Energy Facts
• The United States produces more wattage of
electricity with geothermal than any other nation,
but Iceland produces the highest percentage of its
electricity with the technology of all nations.
Installed geothermal electric capacity

Capacity Capacity Percentage Percentage

Country (MW) (MW) of national of global
2007 2010 electricity geothermal
production production

United States 2687 3086 0.3 29

Philippines 1969.7 1904 27 18
Indonesia 992 1197 3.7 11
Mexico 953 958 3 9
Iceland 421.2 575 30 5
 Geysers
• A geyser is a rare kind
of hot spring that is
under pressure
and erupts, sending
jets of water
and steam into the
air.
 How do volcanic eruptions affect the
society?
• Death and destruction
• Released poisonous gas
• Agricultural land destroyed
• Glacier melting ( iceland)
• Air traffic
• Enriched the soil and it help in creating the earth’s
early atmosphere
• Attracts tourist
• Geothermal energy generation
Signs of an impending volcanic eruption

1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with

rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors;
2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam
emission from white to gray due to entrained ash;
3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the
crater;
4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground
fissuring due to magma intrusion;
5. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the
summit area which not attributable to heavy rains;
6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of
vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes
7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g.,
Bulusan and Canlaon) and crater lake (e.g., Taal) near the
volcano;
8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of
springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano;
9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano; and,
10. Development of new thermal areas and/or
reactivation of old ones; appearance of solfataras.