Motivation

Motivation:
• Nature
• types
• need hierarchy model
Motivation: Why do we do the things we do?

 Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate actions

 What makes us start, persist, focus on, and stop what we do?
Motivation
• Motivation is all the processes involved in starting, directing and
maintaining physical and psychological activities.
Nature
• Latin “Motum”To move, energize or activate
• Process of arousing or initiating movement
• Prompt and energize to attain goals
• Process of arousing, directing, maintaining and controlling one’s
interest in particular activities
• Initiate action, sustain it and give direction
• It is an inner state of mind or an aroused feelings generated through
basic needs or drives which compel an individual to respond by
creating a kind of urge to act
NATURE OF MOTIVATION
• Based on motives
• Affected by motivating Goal
• directed behavior
• Related to satisfaction
• Person is motivated in totality
• Complex process
Definition
• Motivation is the process of arousing the action, sustaining the
activity in process and regulating the pattern of activity.
- YOUNG
• Motivation refers to the states within a person or animal that
drives behavior toward some goals.
- MORGAN AND KING
• Motivation means the classes of operations used to produce
and measure changes in performance and changes in energy
output.
- UNDERWOOD
Definition
• “Motivation is the act of stimulating some one or oneself to get a
desired course of action or to push the right bottom to get a desired
reaction.
-Michal, J. Jucius

• Motivation refers to all the internal conditions that stir up activity and
sustain activity of an individual.
- GUILFORD

• Quick, Nelson and Khandelwal (2013, pg. 172) defined motivation as

• “the process of arousing and sustaining goal directed behaviour”.
Significance
• Energize the learner
• Initiates learning activity
• Activate, direct and regulate beh
• Controls
• Sustain
• Select beh
• Accelerates
• Release tension and help in satisfying the need
A Model of Motivational Activities

• Model of how motivated activities work

• Need: Internal deficiency; causes
• Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g., hunger, thirst); activates
a…
• Response: Action or series of actions designed to attain a…
• Goal: Target of motivated behavior
• Incentive Value: Goal’s appeal beyond its ability to fill a need
Motivation
• Psychologists see motivation as being an important part of human
nature:
• Motivation connects observable behavior to internal states
• Motivation accounts for variability in behavior
• Motivation creates perseverance despite adversity
• Motives relate biology to behavior
Feedback
Motivation cycle
Process of motivation: Terms
• Behaviour: Behaviour is the sum of various activities and
attitudes of a person
• Goals: Motives generally create a state of disequilibrium
physiological or psychological imbalances within the
individual. Attaining the goal restores this balance.
• Feedback: the system of feedback is important to
understand and analyze the motives, behavior , goals and
incentives for motivation.
• Needs: These are related to the biological states of cellular or bodily
deficiencies that lead to drives. For example, individuals need water,
food and oxygen to survive (Feist and Rosenberg, 2015).
• Drives: Feist and Rosenberg (2015, pg 397) define drives as “the
perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient
in some need, creating an urge Motivation112 to relieve the tension”.
This means that need leads to or compels drive. Thus, when an
individual is hungry, she/he will seek food. The need leads to drive
and makes individual to behave in such a way that the deficiency
created is dealt with.
• Incentives: This is external or is from the environment (as opposed to
drive that is internal) and plays a role in motivating behaviours. It
could be an object or an event. For instance, a trophy won in a game
can be termed as an incentive to do well in that game.
• Motives: drives an individual to take certain action and motivation is
the process within which a motive drives an individual towards
certain action.
Types of Motivation
• Biogenic: Biologically instigated motivation. A state of tension is
created, which humans will seek to correct.
• Drinking water
• Sociogenic: Motivational process that is learned.
• Achievement

• While some motivated behaviors clearly fall into one of these two categories,
many have roots in both biology and cognition/learning.
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
• Extrinsic Motivation: A desire to perform a behavior because of promised
reward or threats of punishments.
• Based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors (e.g., pay,
grades)

• Intrinsic Motivation: A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to
be effective.
• Motivation coming from within, not from external rewards; based on
personal enjoyment of a task

• Examples?
• i) Studying something on your own because you desire to know that
subject matter. You may not be doing this for any class or for any grade.
• ii) Starting your own online business because you love the particular
products that are in your target market. Even though you are hoping to
make money this way, you are motivated by your desire to build a
business that you can be proud of and immerse yourself in.
• iii) Competing “against yourself” in a sport just because you want to
get better at it. You may not be doing it to win any trophies, or trying to
become a professional athlete.
• iv) Writing poetry to express your innermost thoughts and feelings,
even though you may not be attempting to sell a book or publish for
money.
• v) Doing something just because you think it is the right thing to do,
and not because you hope to get a reward or avoid punishment.
Biogenic Motives
• When there is a departure from the balanced physiological state of
the body, known as homeostasis, it arouses various biological motives
to restore the balance. This balance is very important for life.
• Hunger,
• thirst
• Sex
• Sleep
• Elimination need
Psychogenic /sociogenic
• Achievement Motivation
• Successful Motivated Behaviour
• Self Enhancement Motivation
• Affiliation Motivation
• Socialisation
• Competence Motivation
• Power Motivation
• Attitude Motivation
• Change Motivation
• Incentive Motivation
• Fear Motivation
• Aggression Motivation
Thirst Motivation
• thirst and drinking are regulated by the body internally.
• When the mouth is dry, then only one feels thirsty.
• The Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) regulating the water level in the body.
• ADH prevents the loss of water from the kidney.
• loss of water from the cells or the decrease in the volume of the blood.
• reduction in the level of water in the body fluids then the water moves out from
the cells into the fluidsdehydrates the interior part of the cells
• The osmoreceptors (nerve cells which generate nerve impulses when dehydrated)
generate nerve impulses when they are dehydrated initiate drinking behavior.
• When thirst is caused by the loss of water from the osmorecpetors, it is known as
cellular-dehydration thirst.
Thirst
• Hypovolemia reduction in the blood volume which causes a
decrease in the blood pressure kidneys to release renin, an enzyme
that helps in the formation of angiotension II.
• Angiotensin II is a substance that moves about in the blood and tends
to stimulate drinking behavior.
• Double-depletion hypothesis explains when both the conditions of
hypovolemia and cellular dehydration are at work.
• Drinking often stops when the mouth and stomach signal that no
more water intake is required. Also, when the osmoreceptors are
hydrated, the blood plasma level reaches its normal volume.
Sex Motivation
• not initiated by any homeostatic imbalance or presence of any
excessive hormones in the body.
• Hypothalamus regulates the hormone release.
• important for the species survival.
• external stimuli that trigger sexual drives.
• This could be like the odors, smell or sight of the attractive partner
may stimulate this drive.
• Though, the family upbringing and social norms may also play an
important role in the expression of sexual behavior.
Psychogenic Motives
• general motives.
• These motives do not arise either because of learning or homeostatic
imbalance.
• These are innate, tend to persist through out one’s life and are often
difficult to satisfy.
• These are motive to explore the environment, the motive to master
the challenges and deal with the difficulties by being competent, and
by self-actualization (by doing what one is capable of doing the best
of his or her ability).
Sociogenic Motives
• more complex as they are extrinsic needs that are learned in social
groups, as peers, or family where one grows.
• These needs may vary from person to person, depending upon the
personality type. There are many kinds of social motives and it is very
difficult to suggest which is most important or which is least important.
• Achievement motivation, a type of sociogenic motive, refers to the need
to achieve or accomplish on a task and surpass the other people.
• Affiliation motivation implies the need to make friends and seek co-
operation with others. Aggression motive refers to
• the need to fight and take revenge, to belittle or curse or ridicule the
other. Nurturance motive is the need to take care of others or to help
others when they are in a problem or sick.
• Dominance motives are displayed when a person tries to control or
influence the other person, to become a leader.
• The power motive is the need to gain power or do things that make a
person feel powerful and strong.
Achievement Motivation

• Characteristics of those high in need for achievement

• moderate risk takers
• Avoid goals that are too easy or too hard
• Complete difficult tasks
• Earn better grades
• Tend to excel in chosen occupations
• Attribute success to ability; failure to insufficient effort
• More likely to renew efforts when they perform poorly
Measuring the Need for Achievement

• TAT
• Measuring the need for achievement is complex and difficult to do.

• It involves looking at not only how much, but also why some people achieve more than
others.

• A projective personality test, the Thematic Apperception Test or TAT, has been used for
this purpose.
TAT—Thematic Apperception Test
• Developed by Henry Murray, personality theorist
• Projective device consisting of 20 drawings (black and
white) of various situations
• People must make up stories about the people in it
• Central themes are examined and interpreted
• Good at revealing feelings about a person’s social
relationships
• Disadvantages?
Theories of Motivation
• Instinct Theory: The theory that all behaviors will be determined by
innate factors and biologically based behaviors that generally lead to
survival.
• The term instinct was becoming overused, so the psychologist changed the
phrase they use to fixed-action patterns.
• Birds migrating, salmon returning to creeks to spawn

• Why do you think this theory became outdated?

• Does this theory really explain behavior?
 Nature of Instinct
→ Instinct is a natural and innate tendency
→ Instinctive Behaviour is permanent
→ Instinct is universal
→ Instinct is always purposive
•Instincts are psycho-physical disposition
•Instincts are modifiable
•Intelligence and experience act as guide to instinctive
behavior
•Instincts are expressed in particular directions
according to particular stimuli
Instincts according to McDougall
Instincts Associated emotions
Combat or pugnacity Anger
Repulsion Disgust, hate
Curiosity Wonder
Submission Negative self feeling
Food seeking Appetite
Sex Lust
Parental care Tender, emotion, love
Gregariousness Loneliness
Escape Fear
Appeal Distress
Self assertion Positive self feeling
Constructiveness Feeling of creativeness
Acquisitiveness Feeling of ownership
Laughter Amusement
Masolow’s Hierarchy/Humanistic
• Maslow argued that humans behave to satisfy specific types of needs.
He broke them into five categories:
1. Biological: Hunger, thirst, warmth
2. Safety: Avoid danger
3. Attachment: Wanting to belong to something
4. Esteem: Seeing oneself as competent and effective
5. Self-actualization: Being all that you can possibly be
Maslow’s Hierarchy
• Maslow said that there is a natural hierarchy or rank to the needs
humans have.
• the needs are placed in a hierarchical order
• basic needs are to be fulfilled before the higher order needs are met.
• a pyramid with basic needs at the bottom of the pyramid and the
higher order needs at the top of the pyramid
• Before one of the higher needs can be fulfilled, the needs on the
levels below must be met, at least to some degree.
• Most needs are met at a rate of about 85% before a person can move onto a higher
need.
Abraham Maslow and Needs

• Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s ordering of needs based on presumed

strength or potency; some needs are more powerful than others and thus will
influence your behavior to a greater degree
• Basic Needs: First four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy
• Lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs
• Growth Needs: Higher-level needs associated with self-actualization
• When self-actualization is achieved temporarily, there might be peak or mystical
experiences. Self-actualizers know moments of intense ecstasy that can occur
with virtually any activity.
Maslow believed that lower needs in the hierarchy are dominant. Basic needs must be satisfied
before growth motives are fully expressed. Desires for self actualization are reflected in various
meta needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Draw Your Own Hierarchy
• In your notes, draw your own hierarchy. Be sure to give names and labels to each level.
There is no minimum or maximum to the number of levels, but I would expect that it will
take more than 3 levels.

Being a Duck

Self Confidence, Purpose

Friends, Love, Belonging

Safety, Warmth Freedom

Food, Water, Oxygen, Sleep

Criticism of Maslow
• Although critics will admit Maslow’s Hierarchy was the first real step
toward a comprehensive theory of motivation, they say it isn’t
complete.
• People often neglect their basic biological needs for more social
needs
• Cross-cultural needs: individualistic vs. collectivist cultures see
needs differently
• Sensation seeking: Why would someone jump out of a plane for
“fun?”

• Other areas it doesn’t explain