Induction Machine

Some Basics
• Faraday’s laws.
• Flemings Right Hand Rule.
• Lorentz’s Force Equation (BIL).
• Flemings Left hand Rule
• Magnetic Drag.
• Back Emf.
Induction Machine Basics
• Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy (Induction Generator).
• Electrical Energy to Mechanical Energy (Induction Motor).
• Induction machine is also called Asynchronous Machine.
Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF)
• When Balanced Polyphase currents flow in balanced poly phase
winding a RMF is produced.
RMF with 3 phase winding and 3 phase currents –General
Requirements.
1. The Three Phase winding must be physically displaced by 120 0
electrical in space.
a phase-Ncosα
b phase-Ncos(α- 1200)
c phase-Ncos(α- 2400)
Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF)
2) The Three Phase Currents allowed to flow through the above three
windings must be time displaced by 1200 electrical.
a phase current-Imcosωt
b phase current-Imcos(ωt- 1200)
c phase current-Imcos(ωt- 2400)
Where Im denotes the peak value of current and ω is the supply
frequency in rad/sec.
Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF)
3) When the three phase spatially distributed winding are excited by the
three phase balanced currents, three pulsating mmf waves are produced
in the air gap.
MMFa=£a=N * cosα * Im*cosωt
MMFa=£a=N * Im * cosα * cosωt
MMFa=£a=fm * cosα * cosωt
Fm is the peak is value of the mmf due to phase a current and phase a
winding.
Resultant Magnetic Field
• £R (α,t)=3/2*fm*cos(α-ωt).
For ωt=0; £R (α,t)=3/2*fm*cosα.
ωt=90; £R (α,t)=3/2*fm*cos(α-900).
ωt=120; £R (α,t)=3/2*fm*cos(α-1200).
ωt=240; £R (α,t)=3/2*fm*cos(α-2400).
• The resultant mmf is distributed both in space and time.
• It can be called as rotating magnetic field with sinusoidal space distribution, whose space angle
changes linearly in time as ωt.
• It therefore rotates at a constant angular speed of ω rad (elec)/s.
• This angular speed is called synchronous speed ωs.
• fm is the maximum mmf due to any phase.
• As the resultant mmf rotates at synchronous speed , the flux also rotates at synchronous speed.
Condition to be satisfied to reverse RMF
• Two of the phases should be reversed
• Three phase winding must be physically displaced by 120 0 electrical in
space.
• The three phase currents allowed to flow through the above three
windings must be time displaced by 1200 electrical.
£a=fm * cosα * cosωt
£b=fm * cos(α-1200) * cos(ωt-2400)
£a=fm * cos (α-2400) * cos(ωt-1200)
With 2 phase windings and 2 phase currents
• The two phase winding must be physically displaced by 900 electrical
in space.
• Thw two phase currents allowed to flow through the above two
windings must be time displaced by 900 electrical
• The resultant mmf FR(α,t)=fmcos(α-ωt)
Construction of Induction Machine
Stator:
• Stator Frame
• Stator Core
• Polyphase Distributed winding
• Two end cover bearing
Stator Frame
• They Enclose the core and the winding.
• They enclose the live and the moving parts from human contact and
from external damage.
• They Transmit the torque to the machine supports and therefore
designed to withstand twisting forces and shocks.
• They serve as Ventilating housing or means of guiding the coolant into
effective channels.
Stator Core
• Built with high grade Alloy Steel Laminations.
• This houses the three phase stator windings and also forms the path for
the rotating magnetic field.
• Built with thin sheets of laminations of 0.35mm to 0.65mm thickness
insulated by paper.
• CRGO steel is not used, because of airgap, magnetic circuit is
discontinuous. Si Steel is used.
• The Insulated stator conductors are placed in these slots. The stator
conductors are connected to form a three-phase winding. The phase
winding may be star or delta connected.
Type of Stator Slots
• Open Slots
• Closed Slots
• Semi-Closed Slots
Open Slots
Advantages:
• Easy Access of the winding
• Replacing or servicing will be easier.
• Less leakage reactance.
Disadvantages:
• Air Gap Length is more, so more exciting current.
• Air Gap Flux distribution is non-uniform due to non-uniform flux
distribution, harmonic torques are produced
• Lot of vibration and noise is present.
Semi-Closed slots
Advantages:
1) Because of Narrow Opening of the slots, flux distribution is comparatively
uniform.
2) Harmonics are less, the operation of the motor is smooth as compared to open type.
3) Average length of air gap is less as compared to the open type, as a result
reluctance of the air gap is less, so less magnetizing current and better power
factors.
Disadvantages:
4) It is not possible to insert large coils
5) Coil Access is difficult.
6) High Leakage flux and reactance.
Closed Types of Slots
Advantages:
1) Average Air Gap Length is Minimum, Minimum Excitation Current
is needed.
2) Improved No Load and Running Power Factor
Disadvantages:
3) Access of winding procedure is very difficult.
4) Leakage flux and reactance is very large.
Pole Formation in Three Phase Machine
Key Terms
• Turn

• Coil

• winding
Key Terms
• Field winding, Armature winding

• Slots

• Relation of Electrical and Mechanical Degrees

Key Terms
• Pole Pitch: It is the angular distance between the centers of two
adjacent poles on a machine is known as pole pitch or pole span.
• Coil Pitch: The angular distance between two coil side is called coil
pitch

• Full Pitch:

• Short Pitch:
Distribution Factor
• The Distribution Factor is also
known as the Breadth Factor or
Belt factor or Spread factor. It is
defined as the ratio of the actual
voltage obtained to the possible
voltage if all the coils of a polar
group were concentrated in a
single slot.
Distribution Factor
Key Take Aways
• If the two consecutive winding section are allowed to carry the currents in opposite
direction, then only there will be a pole formation between them.
• If the two consecutive winding section are allowed to carry the currents in the
same direction, then there will be no pole formation between them.
• If each phase has p poles, then the Induction machine is called as p pole machine.
• Normally in a three phase machine, winding are distributed and short pitched to
reduced cost and harmonics.
• Nature of Poles formed in the single phase machine is alternating.
• Nature of Poles formed in the three phase machine are rotating.
• No of Poles mentioned on name plate of Induction machine represents No of Poles
available on each phase of the stator winding.
Rotor
• Squirrel Cage
• Slip Ring
 Squirrel Cage
• It has no definite number of poles but the same
number of stator poles will be induced in the rotor
automatically by means of Induction.
• When the stator poles are changes, the
corresponding rotor poles also changes.
• To facilitate a closed path in the rotor circuit the
either side of the rotor bars are short circuited by
end rings.
• Produces good running performances.
• Low starting torque (no access to rotor side).
Skewed rotor bars are used.
Slip Ring Induction Machine
• While placing poles, it should be
ensured that the number of rotor poles
must be equal to number of stator
poles.
• When stator poles changes, the rotor
poles must be changed manually,
automatic adjustment is not possible.
• Rotor should be always connected in
star irrespective of the kind of
winding in the stator side.
Role of External Resistance
• It helps to increase the starting torque produced by the induction
motor.
• It also limits the starting current.
• No need of started.
• Starting power factor is improved at the time of starting.
• During the running condition, the external resistance helps in speed
control.
• It has good starting performance and poor running performance.
Working of Induction Motors
Condition for Generating Torque
• There should be the presence of two rotating magnetic field in the air
gap.
• The two rotating field should rotate at speed in the air gap and the
relative speed between the air gap should be 0.
• There should be some space displacement between the two rotating
fields.
• The torque is produced by interaction between two rotating fields.
Condition for Generating Torque
• Rotor is automatically excited by means of Induction.
• Rotor field axis is a variable axis, as rotor is movable.
• The two rotating magnetic fields rotates with speed Ns and have a
space displacement between them as δ (load angle).
• Rotor field axis is trying to align with the stator field axis with the
help of electromagnetic torque.
• Because of the mechanical torque (TL) on shaft, the rotor axis moves
away from the stator axis.
Motoring Mode

• Operation of the machine is stable when Tem=TL

• If mechanical Load Increases then load torque TL will increase.
• In order to get steady state operation of machine, T em has to increase
up to Tem=TL
Generating Mode
• Rotor field axis is in advanced to stator field axis.
• Tpm is Torque supplied by prime mover.
• Tem is Electromagnetic Torque.
• Electromagnetic torque tries to catch the stator field axis and the
machine operation is possible only Tpm=Tem.
• Direction of Tem is same as direction of rotor in motor operation, but
it is opposite in the case of generator.
• Electrical Energy required by the rotor is to produce electromagnetic
torque to overcome the load torque in motoring mode.
Contd…
• The mechanical energy required by the machine is to produce prime
mover torque to overcome the load torque in generating mode.
• If prime mover fails, Induction generator will enter in to motoring
mode without mechanical load.
Equivalent Circuit
• Let R2 be the resistance of the rotor winding/phase.
• X20 is leakage reactance of the rotor at standstill/phase.
• Z20 is impedance of the rotor winding at starting/phase =
• X2 is leakage reactance of the rotor under running/phase; X 2=sX20.
• Z2 is impedance of the rotor winding under running
condition/phase=R2+jsX20
• E20=EMF Induced in the rotor winding during starting per phase.
• E2 is EMF Induced in the rotor winding under running per phase.
E2=sE20.
Contd..
• I20

• I2

• Power Factor at start.

• Power Factor at Running

Equivalent Circuit of Rotor
• At starting

• At Running
Complete Equivalent Circuit
Power Flow and Efficiency Calculation
• Pri=
• Rotor Losses (Pri)=
• Gross Mechanical Power Developed (Pgmd)=
• Rotor Copper Losses=s*Rotor Input Power
• Gross Mechanical Power Output=(1-s)*Rotor Input.
• Rotor Copper losses=Gross Mechanical Power output*
• Pri:Prl:Pro=1:s:(1-s)
Approx Efficiency of Rotor

=
Stator side
• Psi=
• Losses: Cu loss+ Core loss
• Stator Output=Psi-Losses
Rotor side
• Rotor losses mainly is cu losses.
Mechanical side:
Deduct frictional loss and windage loss from gross mechanical power
output.
Tsh=Pnet/rotor speed.
Steady state analysis of Induction Motor
Observation of Torque Equation
Maximum Torque
Observation of Maximum Torque
Operation of Induction Motor Variable
Voltage and Frequency
Observation
Starting Torque
Observation
Speed Torque Characteristics of IM
Testing of Induction Motor
No Load test
• To find out No load power factor
• To find out shunt branch parameters
• To obtain constant losses
• To separate Iron losses and Mechanical losses.
Note
• No Load Test to be conducted by applying rated voltage and frequency
at the stator side under no load condition of machine (No mechanical
load).
• Three Phase Induction Motor under No load condition is just
equivalent to a Trf with open circuited secondary, it is therefore
similar to OC test of Trf.
Circuit Connection
Procedure
• Moror is uncoupled from its load.
• Rated voltage and frequency is applied at the stator side.
• Motor runs without load.
• To measure the input power two wattmeter are used.
• Ammeter and Voltmeter connected measure the no load current and
the voltage.
• Total Input Power =Constant Iron Loss+Friction and Windage
Loss+Small amount of cu losses.
• Rotor copper losses are neglected as slip is very small (close to 0).
Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor at No
load
Observation Table
W1 W2 I(line) V(line)
Measure Stator Resistance
• 1) DC Test
• 2) Bridge Method
Separate Constant Losses into Iron and
Mechanical losses
• Same Test is conducted at Variable voltage and rated frequency.
• Conduct the experiment for different values of applied voltage and
note down the wattmeter reading.
• Subtract the wattmeter reading with the stator cupper losses
• Iron loss is proportional to voltage square. (for constant frequency
operation).
• Frequency fixed, slip is fixed, speed is fixed, Iron losses decreases ,
mechanical losses remains same, under no load condition.
• Once applied voltage virtually zero, iron loses vanishes.
Deviation in No load test if it is conducted at
rated frequency but at less than rated voltage
• Flux decreases
• Magnetizing current decreases.
• Iron losses decreases, as voltage decreases
• Mech losses are constant.
• Constant losses reduces.
• Overall no load current decreases.
• No load stator cu losses decreases.
• No load power factor improves.
• Starting and maximum torque reduces.
Deviation in No load test if it is conducted at
reduced frequency but at rated voltage
• Flux increases
• Magnetizing current increases.
• Iron losses increases, as voltage is higher.
• Mech losses are decreases.
• Constant losses are constant.
• Overall no load current increases.
• No load stator cu losses increases.
• No load power factor degrades.
• Starting and maximum torque will increase.
Block Rotor Test
Circuit Connection
Equivalent Ckt
• Only Series Branch Parameters
Calculation
• WBr=/Phase
• /Phase=
• VBr/phase=Ibr*Z01/phase
• X01/phase