Report in: Reading and Writing skills

Iva kirstel B. Plarisan

&
Kerth Russel L. Oriat
12. Punctuation Marks
The punctuation guidelines will enable to write
with clarity, consistency, and accuracy.
A. Periods
a) Place a period at the close of every
declarative sentence and of must imperative
sentence. A period is also at the close of group of
words that are used to sentences even though they
are not complete sentence.
b) Place a period after every part of an
abbreviation
B. Exclamation Points
a) Place an exclamation point after an
exclamatory sentence and an exclamatory set
off from a sentence.
C. Question Marks
a) Place a question mark after an
interrogative sentence or after a question that is
not a complete sentence.
D. Commas
1. Introductory words
a) Introductory words such as yes, no,
where, why and oh are followed by a
comma.
2. Introductory phrases and clauses
a) A participal phrases at the beginning of a
sentence is followed by a comma. A long adverbial
clause at the beginning of a sentence is followed by
a comma. A succession of prepositional phrase at
the beginning of a sentence is followed by comma.
3. Transposed Words and phrases
a) Words and phrases moved the beginnings
of a sentence from their normal position are
usually set off by comma.

4. Appositives
a) An appositive is a set off from the
rest of the sentence by commas
5. Words of Direct Address
a) Words of direct address are set off
by commas.

6. Parenthetical Expression
Words and phrases used to explain
qualify a statement are called
Parenthetical Expression

7. Dates, Addresses,
Geographical names
8. Modifiers
a) Clauses are set off by commas from the
rest of the sentence.

9. Series
a) Any words of three or more items of
the same kind are separated by
commas.
10. Coordinate Adjectives
a) Commas are placed between
coordinate adjectives that modify the
same noun.

11. Clarity
a) Use a comma to separate words or
phrases that might be mistakenly joined
in reading
12. Words Omitted
a) Use a comma when words are
omitted from parallel word groups.
13. The Semicolon
a) A semicolon is placed between the main clause of a
compound sentences when they are not joined by a
conjunction.
b) A semicolon is used between clauses joined by
conjunctive adverbs or by phrases like for example, in fact,
for instance.
c) A semicolon is used between main clauses joined by a
conjunction if the clauses before the conjunction contains
commas.
d) A semicolon is used between a series of phrases if
they contain commas.
14. Colon
a) Colon is used to introduce a list of items.
b) Colon is used to introduce a formal quotation.
c) Colon is used between two sentences when the
second explaine the fact. The second sentence begins
with a capital letter.
d) Colon is used (a) after the formal salutation of a
letter, (b) between the hour and the minute figures of
clock time,(c) in biblical references, (d) between the title
and subtitle of a book, and (e) between the numbers
referring to volume and pages of books and magazines.
15. Dash
a) A dash is used to show an abrupt int
thought.
b) A dash is used to set off a long
explanatory statement that interrupts the
thought.
c) The dash is used after a series to indicate
summarizing statements.
16. Parentheses
a) Commas, dashes are parentheses
are used to set off words that are
supplementary or explanatory

17. Brackets
a) Brackets are used to enclose
connections or material inserted by a writer
who is quoting someone else's material.
18. Ellipses
a) Indicate the omission of unused parts of a
quotation by ellipses: three dots (...) to indicate an
omission within a sentence; four dots (....) to
indicate an omission at the end of the sentence .
19. Apostrophe
a) The apostrophe is used with nouns to show possession or
ownership: Susan's wardrobe, the dog's paws, Papa's favorite
b) The possessive form of a singular noun is usually mad by
adding an apostrophe and s('s) to the noun.
c) If a plural noun does not ends in s, add both apostrophe
and s('s) to form the possessive.
d) If a plural noun ends in s, add only the apostrophe to
form the possessive.
e) A compound noun is a noun composed of more than one
word. Some compound nouns are written with hyphens
between the parts. Only the last part of hyphenated noun
shows possession.
f) When the names of two or more persons are used
to show joint ownership, only the name of the last
person mentioned is given the possessive form. Add
an apostrophe or an apostrophe and s in accord with
the spelling of that name.
g) If the names of two or more persons are used to
show separate ownership, each name is given the
possessive form
h) Use an apostrophe and s to form the possessive
of indefinite pronouns.
i) The apostrophe is not used to form the
possessive of personal pronouns.
20. Gerunds
The Gerunds is a verbal noun that ends in -ing
a) It is used in a sentence as a noun and in almost
every way that a noun can be used.
b) The Gerund phrase is consisted of the gerund
together with its modifiers, objects, or predicate
words.
21. Participle
a) There are several forms of participle. These
include the present participle, past participle,
perfect participle, and possessive perfect
participle.
b) The participle phrase is consisted of the
participle together with its modifiers, objects or
predicate words.
c) When a participle is modified by an adverb , a
phrase, or a clause , these modifiers are part of
the participial phrase.