FST RIUF ENZYMES • Biologic polymers that catalyze the chemical reactions • Enzymes are neither consumed nor permanently altered because of their participation in a reaction • Except for catalytic RNA molecules, or ribozymes, enzymes are proteins in nature. • In addition to being highly efficient, enzymes are also extremely selective catalysts. Nomenclature of enzymes a) Based on the type of reaction catalyzed (followed by the suffix –ase) b) Based on the nature of substrate c) Based on the source of enzyme d) Based on its regulation e) Trival names Nomenclature of enzymes a) Based on the type of reaction catalyzed (followed by the suffix –ase) • Dehydrogenase • Protease • Isomerase • Reductase • Transferase Nomenclature of enzymes b) Based on the nature of substrate • Glucokinase • Hexokinase • Xanthine oxidase • Alcohol dehydrogenase Nomenclature of enzymes c) Based on the source of enzyme • Pancreatic lipase • Gastric lipase • Salivary amylase • Muscle phosphorylase • Hepatic phosphorylase Nomenclature of enzymes d) Based on its regulation Hormone specific lipase e) Random names • Trypsin • Pepsin Systematic Names of enzymes • The International Union of Biochemists (IUB) classification • Each enzyme has a unique name and code number that identifies the type of reaction catalyzed, and the substrates involved. • Enzymes are grouped into six classes. Class-1- Oxidoreductases The oxidoreductases catalyze the transfer of reducing equivalents(hydrogen and electrons)from one redox system to another. Examples:Dehydrogenase, oxidase, oxygenase, hydro peroxidase • Lactate dehydrogenase • Alcohol dehydrogenase • Aldehyde dehydrogenase • Xanthine oxidase • Cytochrome oxidase Reaction catalyzed by dehydrogenase Class 2- Transferases • The transferases catalyze the transfer of other groups from one molecule to another. Oxidoreductases and transferases generally require coenzymes. Examples: • Amino transferase • Glucosyl transferase • Methyl transferase • Phospho transferase Class 3- Hydrolases • The hydrolases cause cleavage of bond using water. Examples: • Protease • Peptidase • Glycosidase • Phosphatase Class 4 Lyases • The Lyases catalyze reactions involving either the cleavage or formation of chemical bonds (also known as synthases) • with double bonds either arising or disappearing • Cleavage of bond does not require water. • Lyases usually break C-C, C-O, C-N, or C-S linkages. Examples: Fumarase, Arginosuccinase, glutamate decarboxylase Class 5- Isomerases • The isomerases move groups within a molecule, without changing the gross composition of the substrate. Examples: • Epimerase • Aldose ketose isomerase • Mutase Class 6- Ligases • The ligation reactions catalyzed by ligases (“synthetases,” class 6) are energy-dependent and are therefore always coupled to the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates. • Examples: • DNA Ligase • Pyruvate carboxylase • Acetyl Co A carboxylase Reaction catalyzed by ligases Enzyme Commission number (EC number)
• Each enzyme is entered in the Enzyme
Catalogue with a four-digit Enzyme Commission number (EC number). • The first digit indicates membership of one of the six major classes. The next two indicate subclasses and sub-subclasses. • The last digit indicates where the enzyme belongs in the sub-subclass. Enzyme Commission number (EC number)
• The IUB name of hexokinase is ATP:D-hexose 6-
phosphotransferase E.C. 2.7.1.1. • This name identifies hexokinase as a member of class 2 (transferases), subclass 7 (transfer of a phosphoryl group), • sub-subclass 1 (alcohol is the phosphoryl acceptor), • and "hexose-6" indicates that the alcohol phosphorylated is on carbon six of a hexose. • However, it is still called as hexokinase. EC number • ANY QUESTIONS…….?