WHAT CAN YOU SAY ABOUT THE PICTURES?

ORIGIN OF THE CHEMICAL NAMES AND

SYMBOLS
 ALCHEMY
• The medieval chemical
science and speculative
philosophy, based on
the supposed
transformation of
matter.
• It was concerned
particularly with
attempts to convert
base metals into gold or
to find a universal elixir.
 ALCHEMISTS
• were known in
different aspects
and one of these
is their popular
culture, the
process of
changing some
elements into
gold.
 ALCHEMISTS
• they were the first to
introduce the
symbols of the
elements in the
Middle ages. This
practice of using
symbols has
influenced modern
chemists and helped
them to work easily
with the elements.
 JONS JACOB BERZELIUS
• Invented a system of
chemical symbols to
facilitate writing and
convenience.
• He started to assign
together with other
modern chemists
unique symbols for
each element.
 ORIGIN OF ELEMENT’S SYMBOL
• Initial letter of the
element or a
combination of
the first or
another letter
from the Latin or
English name of
the elements.
 ORIGIN OF ELEMENT’S NAME
• Some names and Examples:
Bohrium (Bh) named after Niels
symbols were Bohr
derived from the Curium (Cm) named after Marie
Curie and Pierre Curie
scientists’ or Einsteinium (Es) named after
discoverers’ Albert Einstein
names. Rutherfordium (Rf) named after
Ernest Rutherford
Nobelium (No) named after
Alfred Nobel
Mendelevium (Md) named after
Dmitri Mendeleev
 ORIGIN OF ELEMENT’S NAME
• Countries or Examples:
places where it Californium (Cf) from
California
was discovered Americium (Am) from
America
Berkelium (Bk) from
Berkeley, California
Dubnium (Db) from
Dubna, Russia
 ORIGIN OF ELEMENT’S NAME
• mythology Examples:
Palladium (Pd) derived
from Pallas Athena
Promethium (Pm) derived
from Prometheus
Titanium (Ti) derived from
Titans
Thorium (Th) derived from
Thor
 ORIGIN OF ELEMENT’S NAME
• planets Examples:
Plutonium (Pu) from the
planet Pluto.
Uranium (U) from planet
Uranus
Neptunium (Np) from
planet Neptune
 ORIGIN OF ELEMENT’S NAME
• Greek names Example:
Xenon (Xe) derived from
Greek word xenos “foreign”.
Argon (Ar) derived from
Greek word argos “idle or
inactive”
Astatine (As) derived from
Greek word astatos
“unstable”
Barium (Ba) derived from
Greek word barys “heavy”
 ORIGIN OF ELEMENT’S NAME
• German names Example:
Zinc (Zn) derived from
German word zinken
“point”.
 ORIGIN OF ELEMENT’S NAME
• Colors Examples:
Indium (In) from the Greek
word Indium “indigo”.
Iodine (I) from the Greek
word Ioeides “violet”
Chlorine (Cl) from the Greek
word Khloros “yellow green”
Chromium (Cr) from the
Greek word Khroma “color”
Iridium (Ir) from the Greek
word Iris “rainbow”
 ORIGIN OF ELEMENT’S NAME
• As chemists discovered decipher- succeed in
more elements, they identifying, understanding
began to observe the and interpreting
arrangement of each (something)
element through
patterns in their
properties. These
patterns helped the
chemists decipher the
elements better.
 ORIGIN OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
• Chemists were not satisfied
with the use of symbols for
each element. They tried
to arrange the elements.
The arrangement of
elements on patterns
paved the way on the
tabulation of the elements
according to its chemical
and physical properties
suitably called the periodic
table of elements.
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE
MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
THE PERIODIC TABLE
 ANTOINE LAVOISIER’S FIRST
CLASSIFICATION (1789)
• A French physicist-chemist,
first to attempt to sort
elements into groups.
• First periodic table which
contained 33 elements.
• Periodic table based on
chemical properties.
• Some of these were later
found out to be compounds.
• The table did not show a
distinction between metals
and non metals.
• Unfortunately, his work did not
progress until his death in
1794.
JOHANN WOLFGANG DOBEREINER
• December 13, 1780 -
March 24, 1849
• a German chemist
whose observation of
similarities among
certain elements
anticipated the
development of the
periodic table of
elements.
• Organized elements into
groups called triads.
 DOBEREINER TRIADS
• Deals with putting
three elements in
order of increasing
atomic mass, The
average of the first
and third elements’
atomic masses is the
atomic mass of the
second element.
 LIMITATIONS OF DOBEREINER TRIADS
1. Dobereiner could only find four triads at that
time.
2. He stated that when three elements of same
chemical properties were arranged in order of
their increasing atomic masses, the sum of the
first and third element was roughly the average
of the middle element. But three elements
nitrogen, phosphorus and arsenic have the same
chemical properties, but these three elements
do not follow Dobereiner’s rule.
Example: N= 14 Ave=14+ 74.9/2=44.45 (much higher)
As= 74.9 P= 31
 DE CHANCOURTOIS ‘S TELLURIC HELIX
• In 1863, Alexandre-Emile
Beguyer de Chancourtois
had an idea to plot the
elements in a spiral around
the surface of the cylinder
divided into 16 vertical
sections according to the
elements’ atomic masses.
In every vertical strip, the
elements with the same
physical and chemical
properties were grouped
together. He called his
device telluric helix
 DE CHANCOURTOIS ‘S TELLURIC HELIX
• he stated from the results
of his experiments that
the properties of
elements were the same
as the properties of
numbers. His idea
seemed tenable enough
at first but failed to
muster support.
 JOHN NEWLANDS
• November 26, 1837 –
July 29, 1898
• English chemist whose
“law of octaves” noted
a pattern in the atomic
structure of elements
with similar chemical
properties and
contributed in a
significant way to the
development of the
periodic law.
 NEWLANDS LAW OF OCTAVES
JOHN NEWLANDS,ENGLISH INDUSTRIAL CHEMIST
• States that every
eight element has
similar properties
when the elements
are arranged in the
increasing order of
their atomic
masses.
 LIMITATIONS OF NEWLAND’S LAW OF
OCTAVES
1. The law of octaves was found to be applicable
only up to calcium. It was not applicable to
elements of higher atomic masses.
• August 19, 1830 –
LOTHAR MEYER
April 11, 1895
• a German chemist, he discovered
the Periodic Law, independently
of Dmitri Mendeleev, at about the
same time (1869). However he
did not develop the periodic
classification of the chemical
elements as thoroughly as
Mendeleev.
• He noted, as John Newlands did in
England, if each element is
arranged in the order of their
increasing atomic masses, they
fell into groups of similar chemical
and physical properties repeated
at periodic intervals.
 LOTHAR MEYER
• In 1864, he published The
Modern Theory of Chemistry in
which he published the use of
atomic weights to group
elements. In the work, he
arranged 28 elements into 6
families that had similar
chemical and physical traits. His
contribution was the use of
valance, or combining power of
an atom of a specific element.
• He wasn’t as acknowledged as
Mendeleev for his contribution
because he didn’t leave gaps in
his periodic table for the
addition of elements.
 DMITRI IVANOVICH MENDELEEV
• January 27,1834 –
January 20, 1907
• Russian chemist who
developed the periodic
classification of the
elements.
• He found that when all the
known chemical elements
were arranged in order of
increasing atomic mass, the
resulting table displayed a
recurring pattern, or
periodicity of properties
within groups of elements.
 MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE (1869)
• a more comprehensive
system for classifying
the chemical elements.
• the forerunner of the
modern periodic table.
• elements were
arranged in order of
increasing atomic mass.
 MENDELEEV’S LAW
The physical and chemical
properties of elements are a
periodic function of their
atomic masses.
MERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
1.Systematic Study of Elements
He arranged known elements
in order of their increasing
atomic masses considering the
fact that elements with similar
properties should fall in the same
vertical column.
MERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
2. Correction of Atomic Masses
The Mendeleev’s periodic table
could predict errors in the atomic masses
of certain elements and were corrected.
Example: Atomic Mass of Beryllium,
corrected from 13.5 to 9.
Atomic Masses of Indium, Gold,
Platinum etc. were also corrected.
MERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
3. Mendeleev predicted the properties of
those missing elements from the known
properties of the other elements in the
group. He left blank spaces in his periodic
table for this undiscovered elements.
Examples: Eka-boron, Eka-aluminum, Eka-
silicon names were given for scandiun,
gallium and germanium ( not yet
discovered at the time of Mendeleev).
MERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
4. Position of Noble Gases
Noble gases like helium (He), neon (Ne) and
argon (Ar) were mentioned in many studies.
However, these gases were discovered very late
because they are very inert and are present in
extremely low concentrations. One of the
achievements of Mendeleev’s periodic table was
that when these gases were discovered, they
could be placed in a new group without
disturbing the existing order.
LIMITATIONS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC
TABLE
1. In certain pair of elements, the increasing
order of atomic masses was not obeyed. In
these, Mendeleev placed elements according
to similarities in their properties and not in
increasing order of their atomic masses.
Examples:
a. The atomic mass of argon is 39.9 and that of
potassium 39.1. But argon is placed before
potassium in the periodic table.
b. Tellurium (at. Mass= 127.6) is placed before
iodine (at. Mass = 126.9).
LIMITATIONS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC
TABLE
2. Position of hydrogen in the periodic is
uncertain.
It has been placed in IA group with alkali
metals, but
certain properties of hydrogen resemble
those of halogens
(VIIA). So it may be placed in the group for
halogens as
well.
PROBLEMS WITH MENDELEEV’S TABLE
 WILLIAM RAMSAY
• October 2, 1852 –
July 23, 1916
• A Scottish chemist who
discovered the noble gases
and received the Nobel Prize
in Chemistry in 1904 “ in
recognition of his services in
the discovery of the inert
gaseous elements in air”
• His work in isolating argon,
helium, neon, krypton, and
xenon led to the
development of a new
section of the periodic table.
MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
HENRY MOSELEY, 1913
 HENRY MOSELEY
• November 23, 1887 –
August 10, 1915
• English physicist who
experimentally
demonstrated that the
major properties of an
element are determined by
the atomic number, not by
the atomic mass, and firmly
establish the relationship
between atomic number
and the charge of the
atomic nucleus.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
The chemical and physical
properties of elements are a
periodic function of their
atomic number.
 ADVANTAGES OF MODERN PERIODIC
TABLE

1.The classification is based

on the atomic number
which is a more
fundamental property of
the elements.
 ADVANTAGES OF MODERN PERIODIC
TABLE

2. The systematic grouping

of elements into four blocks;
s, p, d and f has made the
study of the elements more
simple.
 ADVANTAGES OF MODERN PERIODIC
TABLE
3. The position of some elements which
were misfit on the basis of atomic mass is
now justified on the basis of atomic
number.
Examples:
Argon (At No. 18) precedes Potassium (At No. 19)
Tellurium (At No. 52) precedes Iodine (At No. 53)
 ADVANTAGES OF MODERN PERIODIC
TABLE

4. The lanthanoids and

actinoids which have
properties different from
other groups are placed
separately at the bottom of
the periodic table.
LIMITATIONS OF MODERN PERIODIC
TABLE
1.The position of hydrogen is
not settled. It resembles
with alkali metals as well
as halogens. However, it
has been placed with alkali
metals.
LIMITATIONS OF MODERN PERIODIC
TABLE

2. Lanthanoids and
actinoids have not been
accommodated in the
main body of the periodic
table.
 GLENN SEABORG
• April 19, 1912 –
February 25, 1999
• American nuclear chemist best
known for his work on isolating and
identifying transuranium elements
(those heavier than uranium).
• He shared in 1951 Nobel Prize for
Chemistry with Edwin Mattison
McMillan for their independent
discoveries of transuranium
elements.
• He identified lanthanides and
actinides which are elements with
atomic numbers higher than 92 and
are placed in a separate section at
the bottom in today’s periodic table.
MAIN FEATURES OF THE
MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
 MAIN FEATURES OF THE MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE
1. The elements
are arranged in
the order of
increasing atomic
number from left
to right and from
top to bottom.
 MAIN FEATURES OF THE MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE
2. The Periodic
Table has
eighteen vertical
columns called
groups or
families.
 MAIN FEATURES OF THE MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE
2. The Periodic
Table has seven
horizontal rows
called periods.
 MAIN FEATURES OF THE MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE
The groups of elements are classified
further into four main categories of
elements:
a. Group 1,2,13,14,15,16,17 and 18
(1A to VII A) - Main Group or
Representative Elements
Group 1 or IA- Alkali Metals
Group 2 or IIA- Alkaline Earth
Metals
Group 13 or IIIA- Boron Family
Group 14 or IVA- Carbon Family
Group 15 or VA- Nitrogen Family
Group 16 or VIA- Oxygen or
Chalcogen Family
Group 17 or VIIA- Halogens (Salt
formers/most reactive non-metals
 MAIN FEATURES OF THE MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE
b. Group 18 or VIIIA or
Group 0 (Noble or
Inert Gases)
These elements are
very unreactive
gases.In fact, He, Ne,
and Ar are all in nature
inert as individual
atoms and do not form
any compound.
 MAIN FEATURES OF THE MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE
c. Group B Elements
( Transition Metals)
The members of this
group are metals
which include familiar
elements like iron and
chromium as well as
the noble metals;
copper,silver and gold.
 MAIN FEATURES OF THE MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE
d. Inner Transition Elements
The elements in the two long
rows below the main body of
the periodic table:
• Lanthanide series
(Lanthanoids)- is composed
of elements with atomic
numbers 57 to 71,called rare-
earth elements.
• Actinide series (Actinoids)- is
composed of radioactive
elements with atomic
numbers 89 to 98,called
heavy-rare elements.
 MAIN FEATURES OF THE MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE
3. Metals are found on
the left side of the
Periodic Table while
non-metals are on the
right side. They are
separated by a heavy
zigzag line starting
between boron and
aluminum down to
polonium and astatine.
 MAIN FEATURES OF THE MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE
4. The elements along
the border line (zigzag
line) between the
metals and non metals
intermediate
properties of both
sides and are called
metalloids or semi-
metals.