THE CLASSIFICATION OF

BORDER PATTERN
 BORDER

Is a design obtained from a motif by repeating that motif infinitely often

in two opposing direction, two same direction or by vertical or horizontal
reflecting directions along a strip or a point.
 INTRODUCTION
The symbol (P) preference notation for each of the seven distinct border classes.
And the rest of second, third and fourth symbol positions denote the
presence of vertical reflection, horizontal reflection or glide reflection and
half-turn respectively.
WERE;
• Vertical reflection is present, X is m (for mirror);
otherwise X is 1.
• Horizontal reflection is present, Y is m.
• Glide reflection is present, Y is a; otherwise
Y is 1.
• Two-fold rotation is present, Z is 2; otherwise Z is 1.
 Above four are symmetry operations.
 Key words;
() 2-fold rotation.
(—) Horizontal reflection axis.
(-----) Glide reflection axis.
(|) Vertical reflection axis.
How we classify border pattern
The classification system we use assign to each border
pattern a latter/number code to label its type . There are the
seven possible labels or codes based on their symmetry
properties.

Seven border types:

 p111

The most elementary border class is

Translation P111 which is generated by
translation of asymmetrical motif by a
specified distance along an imaginary line
known as translation axis.
The fundamental region which is the
smallest area of the pattern that repeats
itself with the absence of gaps or overlaps
is bounded by the edge of the border and by
two imaginary lines (which are of parallel
orientation and are of equal length)
separated by a distance of one translation
 From a geometrical viewpoint class P111 is the most elementary of the
seven border pattern classes since the only constituent symmetry
operation is translation. The border pattern is constructed through the
regular repetition of a motif or other repeating unit along a translation
axis. The fundamental region in this case has the same area as the unit
cell. There is only one possible two coloring for a P111 border pattern in
which the action of translation symmetrically reverse color .
More than one letters allowed. Instead of repeating a single letter, we
may create patterns by repeating two or more letters or even whole
words and more. Notice that the (minimal) translation vector earlier
is about twice as long as the translation vector in : the fundamental
region consists now of “FAME” instead of just “F ”. Other motifs.
Instead of repeating letters or words, we may of course repeat any
geometrical or other figure of our choice and imagination. Attention!
As we will see very shortly, repeating motifs involves ‘positive
risks’: we may end up creating patterns with more symmetry (and
isometries) than promised by the very title of this section!
Remember, this section is devoted to patterns of p111 type, where p
stands for translation and the three 1s denote the absence of other
isometries to be revealed in the coming sections.
 p1a1
Class P1a1 border pattern are generated by the glide-reflection of
a class c1 motif.
For ex:- from this pattern class are shown;
 Vertical Reflection (pm11)
 Vertical reflection are denoted by pm11 .
Where m stands for “mirror (reflection)” and the
double 1s mark the absence of symmetries that we still
have to explore .
 Class pm11 border pattern are generated by two
alternating reflection axis perpendicular to the axis of
translation .
 For example
 Vertical reflection axis

(a) (b)
 p1m1
Class P1m1 border patterns have a single reflection axis that
runs along the direction of translation i.e. horizontal
axis( ).
For example : if we take some triangular motifs . motifs will be
translated in horizontal direction without any ( flipped in
horizontal) rotation and than replicated in only one direction
as shown in below given figure;
Example with the help of motif design:
Pictures related to P1m1 border type:
 p112

CLASS p112 BORDER PATTERNS EXHIBIT TWO FOLD

ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY (INDICATED BY THE FOURTH IN
THE NOTATION).THESE PATTERNS ARE CHARACTERISED BY
SUCESSIVE TRANSLATIONS OF MOTIFS WITH TWO FOLD
CENTRES OF ROTATION .IN THIS WAY A SECOND TWO
FOLD CENTRE IS GENERATED WHICH ALTERNATES WITH
THE FIRST TWO FOLD CENTRE.
EXAMPLES OF TWO FOLD ROTATION BORDER PATTERN :-
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BORDER MOTIFS OF p112 ARE :-
 pma2
Border patterns from this class may be generated using vertical
reflection of the motif and then glide reflection of the motif on180
degree angle.

For example:
•A border design start with a triangle ( that contains a motif).
• Reflect the motif over a vertical axis.
•Rotate the triangle 180 degree around a point on the centerline.
•Translate the triangle to create a strip.
Example with the help of motif design
Pictures related to the border pattern:
Class pmm2 border Patterns
The pmm2 border patterns has a continuous horizontal reflection
axis intersected at regular point by two alternating perpendicular
reflection axis each having a fundamental region of the same area
.
The king of border patterns

The pmm2 is the richest type in terms of symmetry patterns

it contains both the pma2,pm11,p1a1,p112 and p1m1 type
indeed we can reduce our pmm2 pattern to either a pma2 or
a p1m1 pattern by cutting two arms off each H
Horizontal reflection axis
vertical reflection axis
CONCLUSION;
 PRESENTED BY GROUP:- 2
•SUDHA
•ASHISH KR.PREMI
•BABITA SAINI
•DIMPLE PRAJAPAT
•MD.ATIF
•LAKSHAY PASSI
•SHWETA
•SWATI