Modelling and Simulation of Heat

Treatment of Aluminum alloys

BT20MME030-YASH DESHPANDE

BT20MME031-DEVKUMAR VANGAR

BT20MME058-KISHAN SHARMA

BT19MME038-HIMANSHU MAHAJAN
Heat Transfer simulations for
quenching
Input parameters -
Case 1 -
Physical and simulation results
Materials used -
• Aluminium B319 alloy
• ADC alloy
• Al alloy sample
B319 alloy mircostructure -
• Main phases present are dendritic α-Al, Al-Si eutectic phase and θ
(Al2Cu) precipitates .
• At higher Mg concentrations Q (Al5Mg8Cu2Si6) and β (Mg2Si)
phases also precipitate out .
• Si particles are present in needle shaped form .
 ADC +TiB + Sr
• Composition: Si-10.5%, Fe-0.8%, Cu-2.33%, Mn-0.22%, Mg-0.22%,
Zn-0.64%, Cr-0.04%
• Main phases present are binary Mg2Si, Al2Cu, beta Al5FeSi, alpha Al.
• Si particles are present in needle shaped form .
 Mircostructure ADC alloy -

As cast adc alloy Heat treated ADC alloy

EDS of Alloy sample – FC
cps/eV

5
Mg Si
4
Cu Al Cu

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
keV
Quenched -

cps/eV
20

18

16

14

12

10 Mg Si
Zn Al Zn
8

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
keV
Physical experimentation -
• ADC alloy was polised , etched and microstructure was observed .
• It was solutionized for 60 minutes at 4900 C .
• Again microstructure was observed .
Physical experimentation parameters -

Temperature Time
ADC alloy 490 1 hr

Al sample 475 30 min

 Model Description
1. Decomposition of the chemical bonds in the particle.

2. Crossing of the interface by atoms from the particle.

3. Long-distance diffusion in the matrix.

Model assumptions
1. Particles are distributed evenly in the matrix, and have equal sizes and uniform compositions.

2. Particles maintain their stoichiometric composition during the whole process of dissolution.

3. The rate of dissolution is limited by the long-range diffusion and the concentration of each element
at the interface is equal to the solubility of that element at the solutionizing temperature.

4. Equilibrium is always established at the interface between the particle and the matrix

• 8. Precipitate phases are diffusion-free.

Model assumptions
5. The concentration of each element at the interface is equal to the solubility
of that element at the solutionizing temperature.
6. Diffusion fields of particles do not interact .

7. The effect of convection has been neglected.

Single Component Fixed Mesh (SCFM) Approach -

• The mass of particle is reduced based on system mass conservation but the radius of particle is remained
fixed

Particle is dissolving the particle-matrix interface which is

shown by red line is being kept at its initial position.
MCMM approach -
Governing equations -
1. Aluminum B319 has a dendritic microstructure.

2. Intermetallic phases are Al2Cu and Al5Mg8Cu2Si6 and they form at interdendritic spaces
when cooling from solidification temperature. Hence assuming interparticle spacing to
secondary dendrite arm spacing .

3. Microstructure is divided into equally sized cubic cells as diffusion fields with the particles at
the centre. The size of these cubic cells is equal to SDAS.
1. Equalizing the volume of the cubic cell to the spherical equivalent one.

2. Volume fraction of a particle is denoted by 𝑓𝑣 .

• Radius of spherical diffusion field - r df .

• Radius of particle - r p

• Volume fraction of particle - 𝑓 𝑣

p
1. Mass transport equation across the boundary
𝑚 /𝜌 = 𝑗*A*t ,

2. Flicks first law

𝑗 = −𝐷 𝜕𝑐 /𝜕r ,

3. According to these 2 above equations we get

𝑚 = 𝐷𝜌 𝜕𝑐 /𝑑𝑟 4𝜋𝑟 t
2

3. According to these 2 above equations we get

𝑚 = 𝐷𝜌 𝜕𝑐 /𝑑𝑟 4𝜋𝑟 t
2
Initial conditions -
1. Initial concentration of each element in matrix is set to 𝑐 𝑖​
M

2. Concentration of the element at the particle-matrix interface is 𝑐 𝑖

𝑠𝑜l
​

​
𝑐𝑖 (𝑟, 0) = 𝑐 when 𝑟 < 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟 ​
𝑖
M
𝑝 𝑑f

𝑐𝑖 (𝑟, 0) = 𝑐 𝑖
𝑠𝑜𝑙
when 𝑟=𝑟 ​
𝑝

• Important - 𝑐 should be greater than 𝑐

𝑖
𝑠𝑜l
𝑖
M
Boundary conditions -
1. Initially assumed that we have equally sized diffusion fields so there is no flux at the
outer boundary of the diffusion field .

𝜕 / 𝜕𝑟 = 0
𝑐𝑖 when 𝑟=𝑟 𝑑𝑓

• 2. Therefore mass transfer out is zero .

Comsol simulations - SCFM
Comsol simulations - MCMM
 Comparing physical result to simulations .
Physical experimentation Simulation time(secs)
time(secs)

1. B319 alloy 2200 Around 1680 to 1700

2. ADC alloy 3600 1529

3. Al alloy 1800 NA
References -
1. Effect of retrogression and re-ageing heat treatment on microstructure and
microhardness of aluminium 7010 alloy Nandana M. S, Udaya Bhat K. and C.
M. Manjunatha2.
2. Numerical Simulation of Pool Film Boiling Heat Transfer during Quenching of
Heated Cylindrical Rods Shikha Ebrahim1*, Fan-Bill Cheung1 , Adel Alshayji
3. Heat transfer model for quenching by submerging D N Passarella1 , F Varas1
and E B Mart´ın2
4. Air Quenching Process Simulation of an A319 Aluminum Alloy for
Automotive Applications JAVIER ALEJANDRO ROBLEDO VARGAS
5.Modeling and Simulation of Quenching and Tempering Process in steels
Xiaohu Denga,b, Dongying Juc
5. Modelling Dissolution of Precipitate Phases During Homogenization
of Aluminum Alloy B319 by Ida Sadeghi.
6. F.J. Vermolen and C. Vuik, A mathematical model for the dissolution
of particles in multicomponent alloys, Journal of Computational and
Applied Mathematics, Vol. 126, pp. 233-254, 2000.
7. F.J. Vermolen and C. Vuik, A mathematical model for the dissolution
of particles in multicomponent alloys, Journal of Computational and
Applied Mathematics, Vol. 126, pp. 233-254, 2000.
Thank you